1. Principles and Practices of Management and Organizational Behavior
Prof. Mrunal Belsare

2. Classical School Scientific Management Classical School
Administrative management
Bureaucracy

3. Behavioral Approach to Management
Human Relation Approach:- Primary objective is to examine and analyze the impact of the human factor towards more effective management.
Behavioral science approach:-Extension, modification and refinement of human relation approach.

4. THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS
4/23/2017
Human Relations Movement
Human Relation Approach
THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS
- Western Electric’s Hawthorne Plant - Chicago U.S.A.
To study relationship between level of lighting in the work-place and workers productivity.
‘Hawthorne effect’
Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949)
The Hawthorne Effect:
The possibility that workers who receive special attention will perform better simply because they received that attention.

5. Out come of Hawthorne Experiment
Illumination experiments(reduction of light):-Researchers could not come to any conclusion as to effect on lighting on production but realized certain human factor were at work.
Rely assembly test room studies(changes wages and incentives):- these changes were not responsible for increased efficiency but attitude toward work, sense of belongingness were responsible for increases in productivity
Mass interviewing:- Instead of asking question an opportunity to talk freely.

6. Contribution of Hawthrone experiment
An organization is a Social system with a culture of its own
Informal groups have serious impact on workers productivity.
There are conflicts between organization and individuals .
Friendly supervision has a favorable influence on human efficiency at work.
Free flow of communication can make good human relation.

7. Behavioural Science Approach
Extension, modification and refinement of human relation approach.
Behavioural Science Approach recommends a study of behavioural science (like psychology ,industrial psychology , sociology)
For understanding the human behaviour at work and applying theories for moulding human behaviour in desired manner.

8. Elements of Behavioral Science Approach
An organization is a Social system in addition to being a physical –technical system.
An individual joining the organization brings to work place his needs values beliefs, attitude and qualities.
Informal groups have their unwritten rules.
Motivation have effect on human behaviour at work
Democratic leadership involved friendly supervision.
Two way communication.
Involvement of worker in decision making.

9. Modern Approach System Approach Contingency or situational approach
Management Science approach

10. System- definition
A system might be defined as one whole, consisting of parts(each part being known as a sub-system within the bigger system); parts which are interrelated or interdependent are arranged in a particular order according to some definite scheme, making for the whole.
A system is defined as an organised, unitary whole composed of two or more interdependent parts, components, or subsystems and delineated by identifiable boundaries from its environmental suprasystem.”

11. Environment A D B E Sub-systems C System Approach Environment
4/23/2017
Environment A D B E
Sub-systems C
System Approach
Environment

12. THE SYSTEM APPROACH SYSTEM APPROACH Concepts:- Subsystems Synergy
4/23/2017
SYSTEM APPROACH
THE SYSTEM APPROACH
Concepts:-
Subsystems
Synergy
Open and close systems
System Boundary
Flow
Feedback

13. The two conceptual features of system
Each system is separated from the environment by a bounday; which may be actual or imaginary.
The term system is characterised by the “synergy effect” i.e. a particular subsystem in itself, is less powerful; but when all the sub-systems combine and the function in a coordinated manner, these become very powerful.

14. Classification of system
On the basis of interaction of system with its environment; systems may be –
Closed system
Open system
Note: closed system do not interact with the environment; while open system interact with the environment

15. According to modern management authorities, no system is absolutely open or absolutely closed. Even the most closed system is a bit open; and the most open system is a bit closed. Therefore, instead of classifying systems into absolutely open or closed categories; we must speak, in terms of the degrees to which a system is open or closed.

16. THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH
4/23/2017
THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH
Situational Approach
It depends upon what – in what way
To identify which technique will, in particular situation, under particular circumstances and at a particular time – best contribute to the attainment of goals.
Environmental variable are called as ‘ifs’ of management and management principles and technique of management are called ‘then’ of management so situational approach is also called as ‘if-then ‘approach.

17. Management Science approach
Management Science approach:- Also called as mathematical or quantitative approach.
Historical aspects:-After world war II U.S.A. & U.K governments undertaken applied science research for developing optimal decision about deployment of military resources.
Management Science approach is that approach to management which aims at achieving a high degree of precision and objectivity by making use of mathematical and statistical devices for finding optimal solution to complex business problem.

18. Behavioural Approach to Management
Human Relation Approach
THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS
Behavioural science approach
Modern Approach
System Approach
Contingency or situational approach
Management Science approach