1. Making Proteins From DNA to Protein

2. What is transcription? Transcription = The process of making RNA from DNA’s instructions

3. Process of transcription 1.Enzymes unzip the molecule of DNA by breaking what special bond?????? 2.Free RNA nucleotides attach to one exposed strand of DNA 3.The sugar-phosphate backbone bonds. This time is uses which sugar? (think R instead of D)

4. Process of transcription 4. The mRNA breaks away as the DNA strands rejoin. The DNA re- bonds into its original state

5. Process of transcription 5. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.

6. What is the genetic code? mRNA carries a genetic message Uhhh…so what is a genetic message? – a sequence of nucleotides that instruct how to build proteins

7. Genetic Code (cont) amino acids make up what macromolecule? – PROTEINS there are only 20 common amino acids in the world; they are the same 20 amino acids for all living organisms. The difference comes from the coding sequence.

8. Codons Codon - A sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases that match with a specific amino acid. – Ex: ATG

9. Codons The RNA strand AUGUAAAUU is actually the following three codons: – AUG UAA AUU

10. Codons The order of the nitrogenous bases in the mRNA determines the type of the amino acids in a protein.

11. Codons There are 64 possible codons but only 20 Possible Amino Acids

12. Start and Stop codons Start codon = AUG (Methionine or Met) Stop codons = UAA UAG UGA

13. Tidbits to Remember! More than one codon can code for the same amino acid BUT for any one codon, there can only by one amino acid!!! The genetic code is UNIVERSAL. (i.e. all organisms use this code for making proteins)

14. Translation Translation = The process of making proteins from amino acids using the instructions written on mRNA.

15. Translation location Translation happens in the cytoplasm

16. Translation steps 1. The strand of mRNA attaches to the ribosome

17. Translation steps 2. A tRNA molecule brings the first amino acid to the mRNA strand that is attached to the ribosome.

18. Translation steps 3. A tRNA anticodon pairs with the first mRNA codon temporarily. What is the first mRNA codon? – AUG Anticodon = Region of tRNA that is complimentary (or reverse) to the codon of the mRNA. This is where it attaches.

19. Translation steps 4. AUG signals the start of protein production.

20. Translation steps 5. The ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon.

21. Translation steps 6. A new t RNA carrying an amino acid pairs with the second mRNA codon.

22. Translation steps 7. the first and second amino bond together in a peptide bond.

23. Translation steps 8. This process continues joining amino acids until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA strand.

24. Translation steps 9. The amino acid strand (now an amino acid chain) released from the ribosome.

25. Translation steps 10. Once released the Amino Acid Chain folds into a protein (tertiary structure!)

26. DNA replication vs. transcription DNA Replication 1. DNA to DNA 2. DNA is permanently split and now has a parent and daughter strand 3. Final product prepares cell for division but remains in the nucleus (b/c DNA never leaves!) DNA Transcription 1. DNA to RNA 2. DNA returns to original state 3. Final product shoots out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to make proteins at the Ribosome!