2. Types of Long-Term Memory

3. Explicit Memories Episodic Memories Semantic Memories

4. Implicit Memories Procedural Memories Emotional Memories Conditioned Memories @#$!&

5. Types of Long Term Memory Explicit memory – Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having – This information can be intentionally recalled – Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a specific time and place – Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time

6. Types of Long Term Memory Implicit memory – Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having – Cannot be intentionally retrieved – Procedural memories: Motor skills and habits – Emotional memories: Learned emotional responses to various stimuli

7. Implicit vs. Explicit Lets practice – When you take this unit test will you be using implicit or explicit memory? Explicit – Riding a bike? Implicit – Explaining how to tie a shoe step by step? Explicit

8. Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects

9. Brain structures Hippocampus: turns STM into LTM The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek hippos meaning "horse" and kampos meaning "sea monster")seahorse

10. Storage Variety of Strategies – Maintenance/Rote Rehearsal Repeating information over and over Great for STM – Elaborative Rehearsal More effective for LTM Relating new information to old information you know well. Meaning is assigned to new info and then linked to as much existing knowledge as possible. Ex: relating perspectives, stats/research, memory, & bio unit to rest of year!

11. Maintaining Long-Term Memory – Repetition can result in long-term memory – Only effective if there is intent to learn material – Examples when there is no intent: What color is on top on a stop light? How many sides does a stop sign have? Which color is the top stripe on the US Flag? What direction is Lincoln facing on the five dollar bill? How many chairs are in this room? Draw a penny

13. Forgetting

14. Can you draw a penny?

15. How does our brain store long-term memories? Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain. They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

16. How are the Memories Stored? Synaptic Changes Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) A long-lasting change in the structure or function of a synapse that increase the efficiency of neural transmission.

17. It’s a form of rehearsal, but for our neurons

18. Stress Hormones & Memory  Heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories.  Hormones such as Epinephrine act on brain centers in the brain  Extreme stress undermines learning and later recall  How does this apply to an exam?

19. Where Are Memories Stored?