2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS and CELLULAR RESPIRATION How energy is made within…..

3. Converting light energy into glucose Photo = light Synthesis = to make

4. Which of these is the correct photosynthesis formula? A. 6CO ₂ +6H₂O = O₂ + C₁H₂₆O₆ B. C₆H₁₂O₆ + Light Energy + 6CO ₂  6H₂O C. 6CO ₂ +6H₂O + Light Energy  C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O ₂ D. 6O ₂ +6H₂O + Light Energy  C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6CO ₂

5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION

6. I. Biochemical Pathways A series of reactions where one must depend on another Ex: your kidneys must wait on you to drink fluids

7. II. Light Absorption A.Photosynthesis (light reactions) occur in chloroplast B.Light waves travel as waves 1.It appears white but is really 2.ROYGBIV

8. If you are wearing a white shirt. What is happening with the visible light spectrum? A. You are absorbing all of the colors B. You are reflecting all of the colors C. Nothing, white is a color on the visible light spectrum D. None of these is true

10. Which of the following is true? A. A thylokoid within the chloroplast represent a stack of grana. B. Granum within the chloroplast represent stacks of thylakoids. C. Chloroplast are green in colored because they have green pigment inside of them called chlorophyll. D. All of these are true E. B and C are true

11. 3. Pigments ◦ A. These subtract from spectrum allowing you to see specific colors  1. chlorophyll a = yellow/green reflected  2. chlorophyll b = blue/green reflected

12. III. Photosynthesis Reactions for most plants III. Photosynthesis Reactions for most plants A. Light Dependent Reaction B. Calvin Cycle (C ₃ ) (light independent Reaction) In Thylakoid Membrane Needs Sun Byproducts: ◦ ATP ◦O₂◦O₂ ◦ NADPH ₂ to send to Calvin Cycle Occurs in Stroma Needs Sun Carbon Fixation occurs ( putting carbon into molecules ) Byproducts: ◦ H ₂O ◦ C₆H₁₂O₆ ◦ RuBP to restart cycle

13. Which of the following is true of biochemical pathways? A. C-4 and C-3 pathways are biochemical pathways that are waiting on the Calvin Cycle. B. The Calvin cycle needs the light dependent reaction to occur so that it may occur, they are both dependent on each other. C. The Calvin cycle is not part of photosynthesis and therefore not a part of a biochemical pathway. D. None of these are true.

14. Calvin Cycle Must make 3 rounds to produce1 molecule of Glucose with 6 carbon atoms

15. Carbon Fixation When carbon atoms are bonded or “fixed” into an organic compound Ex. CO ₂  C₆H₁₂O₆ The Calvin Cycle is also known as C ₃ pathway CO ₂ fixed into 3-C compound

17. How many rounds must the Calvin cycle make to be able to produce just one macromolecule of glucose? A. 1 B. 3 because it gets 2 carbons each time C. 6 because glucose has 6 carbons D. I really have no idea

18. IV. Alternate Paths C ₄ Pathway CAM CO ₂ fixed into 4-C compound Hot and Humid Climates Lose ½ amt of water Ex. Sugarcane, Corn, Crabgrass Take in CO ₂ at night and fix Hot and Dry Climates like Desert Ex. Pineapple, Cacti

19. Do all plants fix carbon in the same manner? A. Yes B. No What are the alternative ways?

20. V. Rate of Photosynthesis Rate is affected by: 1. 2. Temp 3. Carbon Dioxide

21. Which alternative pathway would many of our plants in our hot and humid region use? A. CAM B. C 4 pathway C. C 3 pathway D. Calvin Cycle

22. If the amount of light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase. A. True B. False

23. How animals make energy or ATP…..

24. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Relationship They are opposites in the energy world even CR occurs in animals in the mitochondria PS occurs in plants in the chloroplast

25. CELLULAR RESPIRATION EQUATION

26. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis similar? A. The both must take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen to produce energy. B. They are both trying to produce energy within a cell while reciprocating their equations. C. One process provides energy while the other uses energy. D. They have no relationship at all.

27. Cellular Respiration There are 3 main cycles where ATP is produced:

28. Cellular respiration occurs in which part of the cell? A. The cytoplasm B. The thylakioid C. The mitochondria D. Outside of the cell

29. Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Anaerobic – do not require Oxygen ◦ Glycolysis ◦ Fermentation (ATP not made) Aerobic – requires Oxygen to make ATP ◦ Kreb’s Cycle ◦ ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

30. Glycolysis Net Gain: 2 ATP’s 2 NADH’s 2 Pyruvate’s/pyruvic acid

31. Is glycolysis a very efficient ATP producer? A. Yes B. No

32. Which of the following is true of aerobic and anaerobic respiration? A. Anaerobic means that oxygen must be present for a cycle to occur. B. Anaerobics is an exercise program for adults. C. Glycolysis is anaerobic because it does not require oxygen to make ATP D. None of these

33. BY-PASS After Glycolysis, NADH cannot enter Mitochondria so they pass extra H back to Pyruvate, now NAD enters

34. AlcoholicLactic Acid Used for: ◦ Yeast in bread ◦ Wine ◦ Sauerkraut Products: ◦ CO ₂ ◦ NAD ◦ Alcohol Used by: ◦ Muscles when over exercised Products ◦ NAD ◦ Lactic Acid

35. What is true of fermentation? A. It does not play a role in making ATP. B. It is a stage where some cells go to but is not a main portion of cellular respiration. C. It is a bypass stage, but is still important to us in different ways. D. All of these

36. Fermentation Bakers use the yeast made in alcoholic fermentation to make bread Lactic acid made in the muscles start breaking down the muscles

37. Before Kreb’s Cycle but after Glycolysis Before it can begin it must convert pyruvate into a more usable form. This Nets 2 NADH’s 2 Pyruvic Acids 2 Acetyl CoA’s

38. Which of the following is not true? A. Alcoholic fermentation can be used to make wine. B. Yeast is used to make bread rise. C. Lactic acid builds muscles not oxygen. D. Lactic acid is produced in muscles when over worked.

39. Kreb’s Cycle Occurs in mitochondria Starts with 1 Acetyl CoA

40. Why must glycolysis occur before Krebs cycle? A. Because these cycles are contingent on one another, meaning that one must occur producing something that the next needs. B. These are biochemical cycles. C. Glycolysis produces pyruvates, which inadvertently are used to start Krebs cycle. D. All of these

41. How many Acetyl CoA’s was actually made So how many rounds does the Kreb’s cycle make?

42. Kreb’s Cycle

43. Is the Krebs cycle a very efficient ATP producer? A. Yes B. No

44. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) AKA Oxidative Poshorylation Looks like Fluid Mosaic Model

45. How many ATP did glycolysis Net? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

46. How many ATP did the Kreb’s cycle net? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

47. ETC Summary

48. ETC

49. GlycolysisKreb’s CycleTotals 2 NADH8 NADH2 NADH X 2 = 4 ATP 8 NADH X 3 = 24 ATP 0 FADH 2 2 FADH 2 2 FADH 2 X 2 = 4 ATP 2 ATP 2 ATP + 2 ATP = 4 ATP = 36 ATP Energy Yield for 1 average cell in your body

50. How many ATP did the ETC make on its own, not including the ones from other cycles? A. 0 B. 20 C. 32 D. 36