1. People, Policies & Events
The Cold War
People, Policies & Events

2. People of the Cold War Era

3. Harry Truman President of U.S. 1945-1953
Made decision to drop atomic bomb on Japan to end WWII

4. George Kennan U.S State Department official 1940-1950
American diplomat who spent time in Soviet Union
Proposed the policy of containment (see vocabulary slides)

5. George C. Marshall U.S. Secretary of State 1945-1949
U.S. Secretary of Defense
Developed & implemented the Marshall Plan to aid in European recovery following WWII

6. Joseph Stalin President of Soviet Union 1924-1953
Communist leader of the Soviet Union
“man of steel”
Ruled with a tight fist
Turned on the Allies after WWII

7. Nikita Khrushchev President of Soviet Union 1953-1964
Believed communism would take over world but do so peacefully
Policy of coexistence between U.S. & Soviets
Competition economically & scientifically

8. Dwight D. Eisenhower
President of U.S.,

9. Chiang Kai-Shek Nationalist Party leader in China, 1928-1949
Ruled in Southern & Eastern China
Received aid from U.S.
Failing economy, weak leadership, poor morale

10. Mao Zedong Communist Party leader of China, 1949-1976
Ruled in Northern China
Received aid from Soviet Union
Used communist ideas to gain supporters (especially the poor)
Gained complete control of China in 1949
Est. People’s republic of China

11. Kim II Sung
President of North Korea,
communist

12. Syngman Rhee
President of South Korea,

13. Douglas MacArthur
U.S. army general (WWII & Korea),

14. John F. Kennedy President of U.S., 1961-1963
Most famous for Cuban Missile Crisis & Bay of Pigs
Assassinated November 22, 1963

15. Lyndon B. Johnson
President of U.S.,

16. Fidel Castro Communist leader of Cuba, 1959-present day
Allied with Soviet Union
** because of failing health, Castro’s brother is currently the “acting” leader of Cuba

17. Policies of the Cold War Era

18. Truman Doctrine
1947
Policy that stated the U.S. would help any country fighting against communism
Focused mainly on Greece & Turkey by supporting both countries financially
Keep Soviet Union’s influence out of Eastern Europe

19. President Truman signing the Truman Doctrine

20. Marshall Plan 1948 European Recovery Plan
U.S. program that gave money & aid to European countries to help them rebuild after WWII.
Secretary of State George Marshall proposed $13 billion in aid against “hunger, poverty, desperation & chaos.”
Also to help stop the spread of communism in Europe

21. Countries that received aid from the Marshall Plan

22. Baruch Plan
1946
Created an international agency to impose penalties on countries that violated restrictions placed on nuclear weapons & nuclear testing

23. Atomic Energy Act
1946
Federal Law that created the civilian run Atomic Energy commission to oversee the research of nuclear weapons
Promote peacetime use of atomic energy

24. NATO 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Alliance between U.S., Canada, & several Western European nations
Pledged to defend one another if attacked

25. Map of NATO countries

26. Warsaw Pact
1955
Alliance formed by the Soviet Union & Eastern European nations
Response to NATO

27. Member countries of Warsaw Pact (in red)

28. Alliance for Progress
1961
JFK’s program of economic aid to Latin American countries
Designed to promote democratic reform & capitalism in this region

29. Peace Corps
1961
JFK’s program that sent volunteers to work & help make improvements in developing countries

30. Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
1963
Agreement signed by the U.S. & the Soviet Union that ended the above-ground testing of new nuclear weapons

31. Cold War Era Vocabulary

32. Containment
U.S. policy of trying to restrict the expansion of the Soviet Union & communism

33. Satellite Nations
Countries throughout Eastern Europe that were under the control of the Soviet Union

34. Brinkmanship
Policy that called for threatening all-out war in order to confront Communist aggression
U.S. built up air force & nuclear bombs as did the Soviet Union
Threat of nuclear attack was elevated

35. Detente Period when the cold war tensions lessened
During President Nixon’s term
Nixon even visited Communist China

36. Domino Theory
Belief that if one nation fell to communism, others would quickly follow
Leads to U.S. policy of containment

37. Hot Line
Connection between the U.S. & the Soviet Union that allowed the leaders to communicate directly with each other should a crisis arise
Established between JFK & Khrushchev in 1963
Attempt to avoid nuclear disaster or annihilation

38. Events of the Cold War Era

39. U-2 Incident
1960
U.S. pilot Gary Powers shot down & captured by Soviet Union while spying
Further damaged relations between U.S. & Soviet Union
Lead to a renewed tension between the 2 countries

41. Berlin Airlift
U.S., Britain, France unite their sectors of Germany & the city of Berlin (located in Soviet sector)
No agreement from Stalin to allow access to Berlin from West Germany
Stalin closed all roads & railways into West Berlin
2.1 million residents of West Berlin cut off from supplies

42. Berlin Airlift
U.S. & British flew in food & supplies to bypass the blockade
Lasted for 327 days
By May of 1949 Soviets realized it was beaten and lifted the blockade

44. Berlin Wall
1961
Barrier built between communist East & democratic West Berlin by Soviet Union
20% of East Berlin population had fled into West Berlin since 1949
These people advertised the failure of East Germany’s communist gov’t & failing economy
Wall prevented people from leaving East Berlin
Torn down in 1989

46. Sputnik
1957
First artificial satellite launched into space by the Soviet Union
Beginnings of the space race between U.S. & Soviets

47. Korean War 1950-1953 Korea divided into 2 zones at 38th parallel
North: communist; South: democratic
U.S. supported South Korea
1950 North Korea invaded South Korea
U.S. & UN troops sent in to help S. Korea
China joined forces with N. Korea
War settled into a stalemate in 1951
1953 President Eisenhower negotiated peace terms, U.S. troops out
Country is still divided today: North & South

49. Bay of Pigs 1961 CIA sent to Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro from power
U.S. trained Cuban rebels
Invaded Cuba but were quickly defeated by Cuban forces
INVASION WAS A COMPLETE FAILURE
Further crippled U.S. & Cuban relations

51. Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
U.S. spy planes found Soviet Union missiles in Cuba pointed towards U.S.
JFK ordered blockade of Cuba
Demanded removal of missiles
Both countries ready to attack “both fingers were on the button”
Threat of nuclear war was eminent for days
Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles if JFK promised not to attack Cuba
TURNING POINT OF COLD WAR: U.S. & Soviet Union began to work together to reduce tensions & threats of war

54. Questions #37-57
Use the information that you just research to help you complete the multiple choice & true false questions.