4. 连词可分为并列连词和从属连词。 并列连词：  表转折或对比 : but, while, yet, however

5.  表选择 : or, otherwise 等。 e.g. Seize the chance, or you will regret it.  表联合 : and, when 等。 e.g. We should keep the room clean and tidy.  表因果 : for, so 等。 e.g. It’s morning, for the birds are singing.

6.  其他平行或对称结构： Not…but…, both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, would rather…than… 等。 e.g. Not only was everything in his classroom taken away, but also in his bedroom.

7. 从属连词 :  表时间： when, while, since, as soon as 等。 e.g. I will get in touch with you as soon as I arrived.  表原因： as, because, since 等。 e.g. I know it’s true, because I read about it in the official report.

8.  表条件： if, unless, as long as 。 e.g. He will not come unless he is invited.  表地点： where, wherever 。 e.g. Wherever you go, keep in touch with me.

9.  表目的： so that, in order that, in case 。 e.g. He took a taxi to the station in order that he should not miss the train.  表结果： so, so that 。 e.g. It was very cold, so that the water in bowl froze.

10.  表让步： though / although 。 e.g. Although / Though I live near the sea, I’m not a good swimmer.  表方式： as, as if / though 。 e.g. They talked as if they had been friends for years.  表比较： as… as, than 。 e.g. This river is ten times as long as that one.

11. 1. Schools in the north are well-equipped, while those in the south are poor. 2. While I’m cleaning the floor, you can clean the windows. 3. While we don’t agree with each other, we continue to be friends. 请观察下列句子, 注意总结 while 和 although 的用法。

12. 4. Although born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York City. 5. Although he said he was ill, yet I saw him in the street just now.

13. 【总结归纳】 1. while 的用法 1) 表示对比, 意为 “ 而 ; 然而 ” 。 2) 引导时间状语从句, 意为 “ 当 …… 时候 ; 在 …… 期间 ”, 强调某一段时间内主句和 从句的动作在同一时期发生, while 从句 中的动词通常是持续性动词。

14. 3) 引导让步状语从句, 意为 “ 虽然, 尽管 ”, 多放在句首。 2. although 的用法 although 为从属连词, 意为 “ 虽然, 尽管 ”, 引导让步状语从句。注意以下两点 : 1) although 在多数情况下可与 though 通 用, 在正式文中, though 可用于一种不 以其为首的让步状语从句, 须以形容 词、名词或动词 ( 原形 ) 等开头。

15. 整个从句须置于主句之前。这时 although 不能替换 though 。 e.g. Tired though he was, he went on working. 他虽然累, 但还是继续工作。 2) although 所引导的从句不能与 but, and, so, however 等连用, 但可以和副词 yet, still 等连用。

16. 1. I was going to write you a letter, but I lost your address. 2. However, I can discuss this all when I see you. 3. He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however. 4. He hasn’t arrived. He may, however, come later. 请观察下列句子, 注意总结 however 和 but 的用法。

17. 【总结归纳】 but 与 however 都表示 “ 但是, 然而 ”, 都可 以引导并列句, 但二者用法有些区别。 1. 从语义上看, but 所表示的是非常明显 的对比, 转折的意味较 however 要强。

18. 2. 从语法上看, but 是个并列连词, 而 however 是个连接副词。 3. 从语序上看, but 总是位于它所引出的 分句之首, 而 however 却可位于分句之 首、之中或之尾。 4. 从标点上说, but 之后一般不使用逗号, 但 however 则通常用逗号与句子其他部 分分开。

19. Join the sentences using the words in brackets. 1. Developed countries are rich. They don ’ t give enough financial help to developing countries. (although) Although developed countries are rich, they don ’ t give enough financial help to developing countries.

20. 2. Europe has a lot of industry. Africa does not have much. (while) Europe has a lot of industry, while Africa does not have much. 3. In some part of Europe, incomes are high. In other parts, they are much lower. (while) In some part of Europe, incomes are high, while in other parts, they are much lower.

21. 4. There is poverty in this area. People are happier than in the city. (although) Although there is poverty in this area. People are happier than in the city. 5. Some children receive a good education. Others never go to school at all. (while) Some children receive a good education. while others never go to school at all.

22. 6. Life expectancy is still low. It has improved in the last ten years. (although) Although Life expectancy is still low. It has improved in the last ten years.

23. I. Complete the sentences with and / however / while / although. 1. British English ____ American English are more or less the same. 2. ________ it was not safe to stay in the house, they didn’t move at all. and Although

24. 3. He knows so many difficulties are in front of him. He will not, ________, give up. 4. He wants to study abroad, _____ his brother wants to stay at home. however while

25. II. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 他个子矮而他兄弟个子高。 2. 他很努力, 然而还是失败了。 3. 痛得厉害, 可是他并不呻吟。 He is short, while his brother is tall. He worked hard. However, he failed. The pain was bad, but he did not complain.

26. 1. _____ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless 2. ______ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. A. While B. Since C. As D. If III. Choose the best answer.

27. 3. You should try to get a good night’s sleep ____ much work you have to do. A. however B. no matter C. although D. whatever 4. — Have you been to New Zealand? — No, I’d like to, _____. A. too B. though C. yet D. either

28. 5. _____ you call me to say you’re not coming, I’ll see you at the theatre. A. Though B. Whether C. Until D. Unless 6. I do every single bit of housework ____ my husband-Bob just does the dishes now and then. A. since B. while C. when D. as

29. 7. Paul had to write a history paper, _____ he couldn’t find time to do it. A. but B. so C. because D. if

30. Choose the correct answer. 1. ____ the Internet is of great help, I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it. A. If B. While C. Because D. As B

31. 2. In some places women are expected to earn money _____ men work at home and raise their children. A. but B. while C. becauseD. though 3. —Are you ready for Spain? —Yes, I want the girls to experience that _____ they are young. A. while B. until C. if D. before B A

32. 4. I thought we’d be late for the concert, _____ we ended up getting there ahead of time. A. but B. or C. so D. for 5. We had to wait half an hour _____ we had already booked a table. A. since B. although C. untilD. before A B

33. 6. Although badly hurt in the accident, the driver was _____ able to make a phone call. A. still B. even C. also D. ever A

34. Finish the exercises 1- 4 on page 73.