3. Europe 1914

4. A. Four Causes of WWI : 1.Nationalism – - Belief in the superiority of one’s nation. - Desire to unite with others and form a country. 2. Imperialism – domination of one country over another territory. Ex. Colonies * Great Britain and France had many colonies. Germany desired to gain colonies. This caused conflict. I. World War I (1914 – 1918)

5. 3. Militarism – building up a military a. Germany had the largest army in Europe. b. Great Britain had the largest Navy in the World. * Germany began to build a Navy to compete with Britain. Arms Race – race to build the most armaments.

6. 4. Rival Alliances: a. Triple Alliance – defensive pact between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

7. b. Triple Entente – Alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia. * These two alliances divided Europe into two sides.

8. II. The war starts in the Balkans A. Balkan Peninsula – the many ethnic groups in the Balkans added stress to the area  (“The Powder Keg of Europe”) * Serbia (Slavic people) wanted to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina (Slavic). The Serbs hated the Austrians for this! * In 1908, Austria-Hungary took control of this area.

10. 1. The heir to Austria-Hungary’s throne, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, visited Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia)

11. 2. Gavrilo Princip – 19 year old member of the “Black Hand” assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand on June 28, 1914. (Start of WWI!)

12. C. World War I started with a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia 1. Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an Ultimatum (“do this or else”) 2. Serbia agreed to all the demands except for giving members of the Black Hand over. 3. Fearing war, Serbia mobilized its troops. 4. On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. (Germany gave them a “Blank Check” = do anything and we will back you up)

13. D. The war expanded 1. Russia (Slavic) mobilized its troops to support Serbia (Slavic). 2. Germany (Kaiser William II) declared war on Russia (August 1, 1914) for mobilizing its troops. Kaiser William II William II

14. 3. Germany declared war on France in fear of an attack. (Aug. 3, 1914) 4. German forces marched through Belgium (neutral) (Aug. 4, 1914)

15. 5. Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgium's neutrality. King George V

16. Triple Entente Triple Alliance vs. becomes Allied Powers Great Britain France Russia And 29 other countries becomes Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Italy and the U.S. join later. Wooo…wooo….wooo …wooo…wooo…

17. The Face of the Western Front

18. Expectations Before Conflict - Most nations expected: - The war would be short - The human cost would be small - Those who fought would return as heroes

19. The Realities of WWI -Machine Gun Changed everything a) Men were quickly mowed down b) Forced both sides (German, Allies) to make a complex system of trenches

20. Trench warfare was common on the western front between Germany and France.

22. The area of land between the opposing trenches was called “no man’s land” because no man survived for long there.

23. Life in the Trenches

25. * Men would have to stand in the water with wet feet for days at a time. As a result…

26. Trench Foot – The skin on their feet began to rot. The only cure was Amputation

27. III. Fighting World War I (Great War) A. New Weapons 1. Machine gun – could kill many at one time.

28. 2. Tanks – first used by British!

29. 3. Airplane – used in observation and bombing. * Dogfights – fights between airplanes with mounted guns.

30. 4. Poison Gas – mustard and chlorine gas introduced by the Germans. `

31. 5. Submarines – Germany became the 1 st nation to rely on Submarines called U-boats.

32. The British Blockade - Naval Blockade that initially prevented Military supplies from going to Germany -Later it blocked Food -Mined the Entire North Sea

33. Germans Suffer - As a consequence of the Blockade, 750,000 Germans Starve to death!!! -Germans NEED food, so they fight back. -Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - Germans sink any ship that is associated with the allies or in ally water. *This angers Americans because they See Germans as bullies.

34. -Bolshevik Revolution – In 1917 the Bolshevik Party, Led by Vladmir Lenin and Leon Trotsky took control of Russia -Lenin quickly signed a peace treaty with Germany, taking Russia out of the War. -Bolsheviks were communists – this is the beginning of communism in Russia. Vladmir Lenin Leon Trotsky

35. ***Germany can Now Focus Entirely on the West!!

36. America Was Drawn Into World War I. May 7, 1915, Germans sink British Lusitania killing 128 Americans Summer, 1916 Congress passed laws increasing the size of the army and navy. February 1, 1917 Germany renews unrestricted submarine warfare. February 1, 1917 U.S. breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany and arms merchant (supply) ships March 1917, Zimmerman Note outrages Americans – Germans sink three U.S. merchant ships. April 1917, Congress declares war on Germany

37. Unrestricted submarine warfare was all Germany could do to stop supplies from getting to England and France. It also led to war with the United States.

38. Note by German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman to German minister in Mexico. It read that if the U. S. entered the war, Mexico should attack the U. S. As its reward, Mexico would recover Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.

41. The Selective Service/Draft: Helped U.S. to build large military. Financing the War: A) Bonds - you loan the government $. B) Taxes Building the War Machine: Men go off to fight. Women and minorities work in factories

42. During WWI, African Americans migrated from the south to north to fill job vacancies left from those fighting the war. Established in 1910 in Chicago to help African Americans adjust to northern city life.

43. The government took control of industry 2 3 People rationed supplies such as coal, oil, meat, wheat, fuel, etc... 1 Factories switched from peacetime to war time production

44. German Americans suffered the most. The language was no longer taught in schools. German music was considered unpatriotic. Businesses with German names changed their names.

45. The Russians were knocked out of the war in 1917 because of revolution. The communists took over and made a separate peace with Germany. This allowed the Germans to send all their troops from the Eastern Front to the Western Front. However, America enters the war and tips the scales in favor of France and Britain and against the Germans.

46. General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing Pershing was in charge of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe during WWI He was THE commanding officer.

47. Meuse-Argonne Offensive: 900,000 Americans participated. It was the battle that forced Germany to surrender. The war ended on 11 November, 1918, at 11:00 a.m. The Allies Win Meuse-Argonne Offensive: 900,000 Americans participated. It was the battle that forced Germany to surrender. The war ended on 11 November, 1918, at 11:00 a.m. The Allies Win!

48. President Wilson’s plan for postwar peace. It basically asked that we don’t punish the losers.

49. The Versailles Treaty ended WWI. The Allies, especially Britain, France and Italy wanted Germany to pay for the war. They forced Germany to accept reparations, (payment for war damages,) and mandates, (land Germany had to give up to the Allies such as part of their country or colonies.) US did not sign the Treaty!

52. The idea of President Wilson’s that called for nations to act as a world court and stop nations that are picking on other nations. The United States never joins the League!

53. After WWI, the US wanted to be left out of European affairs. We wanted nothing more to do with Europe… except trade.