1. Physical Development from one to three years
Chapter 11

2. Essential Questions
What are the average changes in height, weight, posture and proportion in ages one to three?
How can a parent/caregiver distinguish between small and large motor skills in years one to three?
How do you care for children ages one to three (including nutrition, hygiene, sleep and toilet training)?

3. Developmentally appropriate
Chapter Vocabulary
Synthetic fibers
Dexterity
Toddlers
Developmentally appropriate
Small motor skills
Hygiene
Training pants
Large motor skills
Sphincter muscles
Preschoolers

4. What is a toddler?
A toddler is a child between their first birthday and their fourth birthday. Children begin to walk at this age. The learning process is slow and unsteady. This term refers to children who begin walking and make uncertain movements.
Toddlers are children between the ages of 1 and 3 years old.

5. What is a preschooler?
This refers to a child age 3-5 years who walk more steadily. They not only walk normally but they can hop, jump, and run. Their physical skills are much improved from that of toddlers.

6. Height and weight changes
Age
Height
Weight
One Year
30 inches
22 ½ pounds
Two Years
34 inches
28 pounds
Three Years
38 inches
32 ½ pounds

7. Proportion and posture
Because of changes in proportion,
posture improves during this period.
Until age 2, a child’s head, chest
and abdomen all measure about
the same. They all grow at the same rate.
Between the ages of 2 and 3, the chest
becomes larger than the head and
abdomen. The arms and legs also grow rapidly.
These changes help improve balance and motor skills.

8. One year olds have about 8 teeth.
Tooth development
One year olds have about 8 teeth.
During the second year, about 8 more teeth appear.
The last 4 teeth usually come in early in the third year.
This means toddlers have a complete set of 20 teeth.

9. More tooth development
The quality of a child’s teeth is greatly influenced by their diet.
The diet of the mother during pregnancy and the child during the first 2 years lays the foundation for tooth health for life.
Avoid giving children sweets, especially candy, soda and sugar coated cereals because they cause tooth decay

10. Brush those teeth Infants should have their gums wiped with a cloth
after each feeding.
As soon as teeth appear, parents should brush their child’s teeth.
Visiting the dentist is important.
Teaching a child to brush and
floss should start early. Toddlers should also go to the dentist
as early as possible.

11. Motor skills Development occurs one of three ways:
Head to foot
Near to far
Simple to complex
Motor skills are divided in two ways:
Large Motor Skills
Small Motor Skills

12. This includes activities like walking, running, and throwing.
Large motor skills
Large motor skills involve the use and control of the large muscles of the back, legs, shoulders, and arms.
This includes activities like walking, running, and throwing.

13. Large motor skills 2-3 year olds 1-2 year olds 3-4 year olds
Physical exercise and repeated practice promote
the development of large motor skills.
2-3 year olds
Walk with coordination
Climbs and jumps
Runs but cannot stop easily
Kicks ball
Goes up stairs with 2 feet
1-2 year olds
Improves walking skills
Begins to run
Throw object overhand
Walks up and down stairs (both feet)
3-4 year olds
Jumps up and down
Walks on tiptoe
Rides tricycle
Catches ball with straight arm

14. Small motor skills Small motor skills depend on the use
and control of finer muscles.
Small motor skills include muscles of the
wrist, fingers and ankles.

15. Small motor skills 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years
Picks ups object with thumb and forefinger (pincer grip)
buttons large buttons and pulls down zippers
Turns door knobs
Stacks several blocks for a tower
2-3 years
Turns book pages one at a time
Strings large beads together
Draws horizontal and vertical lines
Builds tower about 8 blocks high
3-4 years
Cuts with scissors—inaccurately
Draws recognizable pictures
Using fork and spoon with out spilling
Builds tower about 9 or 10 blocks high

16. feeding
Toddlers learn their habits and attitudes about food from the adults around them. They will have these habits and attitudes for the rest of their life. So, BE A GOOD ROLE MODEL!
Because toddlers stomachs are small, they need to eat every 3-4 hours.
Be sure you are feeding them
nutritious foods as snacks.
A toddler’s appetite will vary with the amount of activity each day.
Children will be more likely to accept new foods if they are not pressured or rewarded for eating them.

17. How do children learn self feeding skills
One year olds
Eat a variety of baby foods
Eat simple foods from the family table
Choose food low in sugar and salt
Choose foods easily eaten with fingers
May start using a spoon (18 months)
Start drinking from a cup

18. How do children learn self feeding skills
Two year olds
Can feed themselves and use a fork
They take a long time to eat and are messy
Give them time to develop their fine motor skills
Talk during meals to encourage social skills
and build family bonds

19. How do children learn self feeding skills
Three year olds
Full set of teeth so chewing is not a problem
Most toddlers are skilled with spoon and fork
Child can eat most foods at this age
A healthy diet is important

20. Choosing foods for toddlers
Milk is important for toddlers.
It helps to build strong
bones and teeth.
Up until the age of 2, children need whole milk. After that they should have low or non fat milk. Your doctor will give you a recommendation.
Be sure to include a variety of sources of calcium…
Yogurt, pudding and cheese.

21. Choosing foods for toddlers
Children should be exposed to a variety of vegetables.
You never know if they will like it until they try it.
Raw vegetables are low in calories and fat and are fun to crunch on for easy snacks!
Remember to include a variety of colorful vegetables…carrots, broccoli, cauliflower, tomatoes, potatoes, and corn.

22. Choosing foods for toddlers
Foods in the bread and cereal group provide toddlers with energy. It is important that they eat foods from this group.
Many foods are included in this group….
breads, cereal (non-sugar), pasta, rice and crackers
are good choices

23. Choosing foods for toddlers
Fruits are a great source of sweet foods with very little calories. Toddlers should get in the habit of eating fruits. Be sure to choose a variety of colors in the fruits.
Some good choices of fruits for toddlers are…
Apples, bananas, strawberries, oranges and 100% juices. Be VERY careful when feeding toddlers grapes.

24. Choosing foods for toddlers
Toddlers need to eat protein rich foods. These foods help to build muscle and repair tissue. Remember to keep red meat to a minimum because it is high in fat.
Some good choices in meat include fish (look carefully for bones), poultry. eggs, beans and peanut butter.

25. Meal time tips for toddlers

26. Meal time tips for toddlers
To make a meal more interesting for a toddler,
be sure to include a variety of colors, textures,
shape, temperature and ease of eating.
Include children in food preparation.
If they make it, they will be more likely to try it!
Keep meals pleasant.
Digestion is easier and your child learns manners.
It is easier for toddlers to use a bowl or plate with
sides along with special utensils.
Do NOT bribe children with food.
“Finish your dinner and I’ll give you a cookie.”

27. As children learn, they will make mistakes. Some examples…
Dressing Toddlers
Children will only learn to dress themselves if they are given practice. It involves repeatedly using large and small motor skills.
As children learn, they will make mistakes. Some examples…
Children learn independence, responsibility and self esteem by learning to dress themselves!

28. Choosing clothes for your toddler
Look for comfort.
Clothes should allow children to move freely. They are
very active. Remember comfort includes being the right size. Sizing is very different from company to
company in children’s clothing.
Look for durability.
Toddlers are very hard on their clothes. They crawl on
the floor and run around. Look for clothing that is
well constructed. Cotton is always a good choice because
it is comfortable and washes well.
Look for economy.
Children grow rapidly and will require new clothes often.
Try to find clothing that has hems that can be let down
and straps with adjustable lengths. Buttons can also be moved to allow more room for the child

29. Toddlers and sleep
Bed time routines are very important at this age to get your child to go to
bed and to go sleep
and stay asleep.
By the age of two, toddlers require less sleep and are less likely to go to bed easily.
Children may use self-comforting techniques like thumb sucking, rocking or favorite blanket or toy.
Fear of the dark is common. Some children can be “talked” out of it while others may need a night light or other help with their fear.

30. Toilet Training
Most children start toilet training between the ages of
18 month and 4 years.
Every child is different and will not begin toilet training until they are ready---physically and emotionally!
To be ready physically, children must be able to control their
SPHINCTER muscle. This is the muscle that control elimination.
A child must be able to recognize the body sensation.
A child will learn to control their bowels and the
bladder will follow in 1-2 months.

31. Toilet training
Parent’s attitude toward toilet training have a great affect on the child’s attitude.
Parents need to be calm and understanding with their child. This can be a long process.
Training pants are a great way to get the child excited about using the potty.
If a child loses interest in toilet training, stop and wait
a few weeks and then try again. Do not push the child!
Children tend to be less afraid if they have their own potty chair instead of using the “Big Potty”.

32. Bathing Your Toddler
kidspot.co.nz
Parents and caregivers need to help toddlers develop good attitudes about hygiene.
Children need to be taught to wash their hands after using the toilet---everytime!
Teach them to bath themselves
One yr olds—rub cloth over face and stomach
Two yr olds—wash, rinse and dry fairly well
Three yr olds—need little help or supervision

33. Bathing Con’t Bathtubs are dangerous places for toddlers
A child can drown in only an inch of water
NEVER leave baby unattended in the tub
Place a rubber mat on the bottom of the tub to make it slip proof
Children can showers if they prefer
Always be sure to turn the water temperature down on your water heater so child does not get burned (water and facet)

34. Now it is time to put your new found knowledge to work!
Assignment
Now it is time to put your new found knowledge to work!
Make a chart of a day’s activities for a three year old. The schedule should include time for physical activity, meals, practice in small motor skills and good hygiene.
Explain your schedule including a time schedule for each activity and why you choose that activity.