1. Unit 13: Scientific Revolution

2. 1609 Galileo observes heavens through telescope. 1687 Newton publishes law of gravity. 1690 John Locke defines natural rights. Enlightenment and Revolution, 1550–1789 22 CHAPTER Time Line 15501789 HOME 1543 Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory. 1628 William Harvey describes heart function. 1748 Montesquieu describes separation of powers. 1762 Catherine the Great rules Russia.

3. The Roots of Modern Science The Medieval View  Most knowledge in the Middle Ages came from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources.  Supports geocentric theory—moon, sun, planets revolve around Earth

4. Why didn’t anyone challenge Aristotle, Ptolemy, & the Church? During Dark Ages in Europe life was very, very tough (little food, little protection, a lot of disease) No books to learn from…only the Bible. Kings didn’t allow for public education…NO KNOWLEDGE.

5. The Roots of Modern Science A New Way of Thinking  Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking (1300-1600)  Scientific Revolution—new way of viewing the natural world— based on observation and inquiry  New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking  Scholars make new developments in astronomy and mathematics. Questioned Greco-Roman ideas Questioned Church teachings Use of scientific method and human intellect.

6. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe The Heliocentric Theory  Widely accepted geocentric theory challenged as inaccurate  Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory—planets revolve around the sun  Later scientists mathematically prove Copernicus to be correct Nicolaus Copernicus

7. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)  Believed in Copernicus’s idea, but he also believed that the planets move in ellipses, or oval paths.

8. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe Galileo’s Discoveries  Italian scientist Galileo Galilei makes key advances in astronomy.  He makes discovery about planet surfaces using telescope  Supports heliocentric theory  4 moons of Jupiter (Jupiter has 8 moons)  Sun spots  Catholic clergy members forced him to recant his findings under threat of excommunication and torture  Church officials placed Galileo under house arrest for the rest of his life in an attempt to silence him Galileo Galilei

9. Isaac Newton Used math to prove the ideas of Copernicus and Galileo Called the force gravity, or that all objects fall towards Earth Said all of nature follows laws. Motion in space and earth linked by the law of universal gravitation—holds that every object is universe attracts every other object Newton views the universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock.

10. The Scientific Method A Logical Approach  Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method—a series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories Bacon and Descartes  Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create scientific method  Bacon urges scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions  Descartes advocates using logic and math to reason out basic truths

11. The Scientific Method Francis Bacon (1561-1626)René Descartes (1595-1650)

12. The Triumph of Reason  Rene Descartes is the founder of modern rationalism. This is the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.  To Descartes, one fact seemed to be beyond doubt—his own existence.  Descartes clarified this idea by the phrase, “I think, therefore I am” or “Cogito ergo sum.”

13. Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method Sir Francis Bacon

14. What Does it all Mean? A. Like the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, the Scientific Revolution saw the proposal of many new ideas and techniques that challenged traditional thinking B. This set the stage for the Enlightenment, a political movement of the 1600s and 1700s which involved political theorists questioning traditional beliefs about government