1. Global Beginnings

4. Foundations of Exploration
Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe
Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery
Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration
Search for wealth
Europeans desired expensive luxury goods
Flow of goods controlled by Italian merchants
Charged high prices for these rare goods
Drive to Explore
Hoped to find new, faster routes to Asia to gain trade foothold
Wealth not only goal
Some set out to find fame, glory
Hoped making great discoveries would bring honor to their names
New Routes
Other explorers hoped to spread their faith into new lands
Another motive—simple curiosity
Writings like Marco Polo’s very popular in Europe, intrigued many with tales of exotic lands, peoples
Faith, Curiosity

5. What is the easiest way to remember it all?
The Three G’s:
Gold
Glory
God
Although a little simplistic, this mnemonic is a great way to remember the main motivations of the European explorers.

6. Two Factors Stimulated Exploration
Need for new trade routes
High price of goods
Improvements made travel easier
Compass
Portolan charts
Ship design

8. Europeans Discover New Lands
Portugal became leader of exploration in the 1400’s
Prince Henry – “Prince Henry the Navigator”
Helped improve navigational equipment
Opened a naval school
Sponsored exploration of the African coast

9. The Portuguese Explore Africa
Bartholomeu Dias led exploration along African coast
Became first to sail the Cape of Good Hope

10. Vasco da Gama Sent on an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope
Left in July 1497; arrived in India May 1498
Portugal won race for a sea route to Asia
Governed small colony in India
This trip was very profitable
Spices were worth 60X the cost of the trip
27,000 miles round trip

11. Columbus’s Voyages to the Caribbean
Christopher Columbus
Believed that he could reach India by sailing west (did not know about American continents)
Convinced Queen Isabella to back his voyage (after several years)
Studied sailing and navigation techniques and read books about travel and geography

12. Columbus’s Voyages to the Caribbean
The first voyage
Set sail on August 3, 1492
Crew of 90 men, two caravels (the Niña and the Pinta) and his flagship, the Santa Maria
Reached land after 3 weeks (San Salvador in the Caribbean)
Called the local people “los Indios.” They were Tainos.
Always thought he had explored part of Asia

13. Columbus—three more voyages to Americas
Results of Voyages
Columbus—three more voyages to Americas
Still believed he had reached Asia
Error not realized until about 1502
Explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed coast of South America, concluded it was not Asia
Mapmakers later named land America in his honor

14. Results of Voyages
Knowing they had found new land, Spanish set out to explore it
1513, Núñez de Balboa led expedition across Isthmus of Panama
After more than three weeks of travel, Balboa became first European to see Pacific Ocean

15. Papal Line of Demarcation
News of Columbus spread
Line of Demarcation – created by Pope Alexander VI – imaginary boundary showing the land that Spain could explore and claim
Spain claimed land to the west, Portugal to the east
Portugal was unhappy with the line
Treaty of Tordasillas moved the Line of Demarcation almost 800 miles west

16. Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese Sailor - Ferdinand Magellan
Believed he could sail to Asia through the South Sea
Spain provided 5 ships for his voyage
He set sail September 1519
Sailed South down the coast of South America
Discovered a Strait – Became known as Strait of Magellan

17. Ferdinand Magellan
Trip to the Southern Tip of South America took 130 days
Sailed across the Pacific and landed in present day Philippines where he was killed in battle

18. Ferdinand Magellan
September of the original 250 member crew returned to Spain on 1 of the original 5 ships
These 18 sailors were the first to Circumnavigate the globe
40,000 mile trip across 3 oceans finally found a western passage to Asia that Columbus began searching for in 1492.

19. Magellan’s Trip

21. West African Trading Kingdoms

22. Portuguese in Africa 1400s exploring for water route to Asia
Mombasa and Malindi
coastal cities on African coast
hubs of international trade
expelled Arabs & took control over trade routes
Set up and maintained forts along African Coast

23. The Portuguese in West Africa
Nature of slavery changed when Europeans began to view slaves as important to African trade.
Portuguese established large-scale farms, or plantations, first in Africa, then in Caribbean islands and in the Americas; later the Spanish, British, French, and Dutch did the same.

24. Portuguese in Africa Affonso I – ruler of Kongo resisted slave trade
Tutored by Portuguese missionaries
Hoped to establish Christian state with help of Portuguese
Pg. 95 primary source reading

25. New African States Asante kingdom Osei Tutu Oyo Empire
present day Ghana
Osei Tutu
Military leader
Unites kingdom
Creates wealthy powerful state
Oyo Empire
Present day Nigeria

26. Europeans in South & Southeast Asia
Afonso de Albuquerque , Portuguese, explored Indian Ocean
Goa – trading posts
Malacca – port city seized by Portuguese
Muslim rulers established Mughal Empire through much of India
In 50 years Portugal established trading kingdom controlling much of spice trade between Europe and Asia for most of 1500s.

27. Europeans in South & Southeast Asia
The Dutch
Northern protestant provinces win independence from Holy Roman Empire in early 1500s
As Portuguese power declined in Africa during 1600s Dutch (and others) took over their forts.
1652 Settled Cape Town - 1st permanent settlement
Boers – Dutch farmers settling around Cape Town

28. Europeans In South & Southeast Asia
In India wealthy Dutch merchants formed the Dutch East India Company
Sovereign power
Gained control of Portuguese posts
By 1700s growing power of English and France led to decline in Dutch influence.

29. Europeans In South & Southeast Asia
1521 Magellan claimed Philippines for Spain
Used Philippines as midway point
Ship silver mined in America to Philippines
Buy goods in China from Philippines

30. Europeans In South & Southeast Asia
Mughal India = larger, wealthier, & more powerful than any kingdom in Europe.
Saw no threat from European traders.
Declined
Internal war and economic problems

31. Europeans in South & Southeast Asia
French & English established East Indian companies (similar to Dutch) and organized sepoys
Mid 1700s struggle between British and French for dominance (Seven Years War/French & Indian War)
British win

32. Europeans in East Asia - China
Portuguese reach China in 1514
Ming ruler allows them to set up trading posts at Macao (Guangzhou)
1644 Manchus overrun Ming empire
Call themselves Qing empire
Under Kangxi & Qianlong Chinese economy expanded
Lord Maccartney led British diplomatic mission to China in attempt to expand trade
Mission failed.

33. Europeans in East Asia – Korea & Japan
Overrun by Manchus in 1636
Restricted trade – became known as the “Hermit Kingdom”
Japan
Welcomed traders
Jesuit missionaries converted many Japanese to Christianity
Japanese shogun’s fearful of allegiance to Pope expelled foriegners
Limited trade to 1-2 Dutch ships

34. Global Beginnings
Chapter 3

35. First Encounters
1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue and landed in Caribbean.
Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, followed in the wake of Columbus.
Seized gold from the Taínos
Converted them to Christianity.
Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance, to such diseases.
Small pox, measles and influenza wiped out native villages

36. The Conquistadors Hernan Cortés landed on the Mexican coast in 1519.
CORTÉS IN MEXICO
Hernan Cortés landed on the Mexican coast in 1519.
Cortés arranged alliances with discontented peoples who hated their Aztec overlords.
The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma, thought Cortés might be a god. He offered tribute to Cortés and welcomed him to Tenochtitlán.
When relations grew strained, the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlán.
In 1521, Cortés returned and captured and demolished Tenochtitlán.

37. The Conquistadors
Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, just after the conclusion of a bloody civil war.
Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured the new king, Atahualpa, and killed thousands of his followers.
The Spanish then overran the Incan heartland

38. Ruling the Spanish Empire
In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California to South America.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
GOVERNMENT
THE ECONOMY
The Church worked with the government to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
Church leaders often served as royal officials.
Spanish missionaries forcibly imposed European culture over Native American culture.
Spain closely controlled economic activity, especially trade.
The Spanish grew sugar cane, which was grown on plantations and required large numbers of workers.
At first, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work under brutal conditions.
Later, the colonists began shipping slaves from Africa to do their work.
Spain was determined to maintain strict control over its empire.
The empire was divided into five provinces, each of which was ruled by a viceroy.
The Council of the Indies helped pass laws for the colonies.

39. Colonial Society
In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new social structure.
Peninsulares - people born in Spain, were at the top of society.
Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were next.
Mestizos were people of Native American and European descent.
Mulattoes were people of African and European descent.

40. Challenging Spanish Power
To get around Spain’s strict control over colonial trade, smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists.
Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on Spanish treasure ships. Some of these pirates, called privateers, even operated with the approval of European governments.
The Dutch, English, and French hunted for other gold empires and for a northwest passage to Asia.

41. Explorers from the Rest of Europe
Spanish and Portuguese did not remain alone in their efforts.
By early 1500s the English and French were exploring northern parts of the Americas.
Dutch later joined in explorations.
1497, first major English voyage of discovery launched
John Cabot sailed to Atlantic coast of what is now Canada
Tried to repeat voyage; fleet vanished, presumably sunk
The English

42. Sir Francis Drake
English soon realized they had reached an unknown land, not Asia
Queen sent Sir Francis Drake out
After stop in what is now California, Drake sailed north to seek route around North America
The weather was too cold, and he ended up heading west around the world to get back to England. He became the second man to circumnavigate the globe.

43. Henry Hudson
England wanted to find shorter route to Asia than Magellan found
Sent Dutch-born sailor Henry Hudson
1607, Hudson set out to north
Hoped to find Northeast Passage around Europe
Found nothing but ice, returned to England
Later made two more voyages for English, one for Dutch

44. The French The French Also wanted to find passage to Asia
Sent explorers to look for Northwest Passage
1534, Jacques Cartier sailed past Newfoundland into St. Lawrence River, claimed land as province of New France, now Canada
The French

45. New France
Helped by Native American allies, French explorers and fur traders traveled inland, claiming vast territory.
Harsh Canadian climate attracted few French peasants.
The population of New France grew slowly.
In the late 1600s, the French king began to exert greater control over political and economic activities in New France to increase revenue.

46. French & Indian War
During the 1700s, Britain and France clashed in a worldwide struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War ( ).
In North America, they battled each other in the French and Indian War.
The Treaty of Paris (1763), which officially ended the world-wide war, ensured British dominance in North America.
Relationship between settlers & Native Americans.

47. The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade was started in the 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain’s American empire.
By the 1600s the English, French, and Dutch were heavily involved, too.

48. Triangular Trade
The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade.

49. The Middle Passage Horrible journey for Africans.
Walked 1000 miles
Packed below deck in grotesque conditions
½ died from disease, cruelty, suicide, storms, pirate raids or mutinies

50. The Atlantic Slave Trade
Atlantic slave trade continued for 400 years.
By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas.
Another 2 million probably died during the Middle Passage.
Effect in Africa
Rise and Decline of African States

51. Destinations of Enslaved Africans, 1500–1870

52. A Commercial Revolution
The opening of direct links with Asia, Africa, and the Americas had far-reaching economic consequences for Europeans.
Prices began to rise in Europe, as part of the cycle of inflation.
European inflation had several causes:
Demand for goods.
Scarcity of resources.
Money in circulation.

53. Commercial Revolution
Expanded trade and the push for overseas empires spurred the growth of European capitalism, the investment of money to make a profit.
Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new business class. Together they helped change the local European economy into an international trading system.

54. Mercantilism
European monarchs adopted a new economic policy, known as mercantilism, aimed at strengthening their national economies.
To achieve these goals, European governments
passed strict laws regulating trade with their colonies.
exploited natural resources, built roads, and backed new industries.
sold monopolies to large producers in certain areas.
imposed tariffs, or taxes on imported goods.

55. The Columbian Exchange

56. How Did Economic Changes Affect Europeans?
The impact of economic change depended on a person’s social class.
Merchants who invested in overseas ventures acquired wealth.
Nobles, whose wealth was in land, were hurt by the price revolution.
Hired workers in towns and cities faced poverty and discontent when their wages did not keep up with inflation.
Peasants, the majority of Europeans, were not affected until centuries later.
Within Europe’s growing cities, there were great differences in wealth and power.