1. Anatomy and Physiology Second Semester Review

2. Endocrine System Endocrine glands a. are made of epithelial tissue b. secrete hormones c. are stimulated by the nervous system d. all of the above d.

3. A hormone a. is a secreted chemical b. is received by receptors on postsynaptic neurons c. always acts quickly d. all of the above a.

4. WHICH GLAND IS IT? The part of the brain that regulates the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus The gland that controls many other glands. Pituitary A gland housing immune cells until puberty Thymus A gland involved in digestion in the small intestine. Pancreas A gland involved in the fight and flight response. Adrenal

5. Blood and Cardiovascular T/F A function of the cardiovascular system is to transport wastes. True: also nutrient, gases and fluids The cardiovascular system is involved in temperature regulation. True.

6. Which is not a cellular component of blood? a.Red blood cell b.White blood cell c.Blood plasma d.Platelets c. Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood Which component of blood helps clot the blood when you get a cut? d. platelets

7. T/F The main function of white blood cells is to transport oxygen. False: Red blood cells The main function of white blood cells is to fight disease. True

8. Using blood as a diagnostic tool If you are anemic which type of blood cell count will be low- red or white? Red

9. Antibodies on red blood cells tell us our blood type. False: Antigens The pH factor determines if we have + or – blood type. False:Rh factor How are blood type determined? T/F

10. Blood transfusions What blood type is the universal donor? O- What blood type is the universal recipient? AB+

12. Match each structure with its function. Atria Ventricles Valves Inferior and superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Aorta Bring blood to the heart Prevent backward flow of blood Receiving chambers Blood vessel that leads to the lungs Pumping chambers Blood vessel that delivers oxygenated blood to the body

13. Trace the path of blood through the blood vessels beginning at the heart 1Artery 5Vein 2Capillary

14. ( Arteries / Capillaries ) are a good site for gas exchange because they have thin permeable walls. ( Arteries / Veins ) have thick walls that withstand the high pressure of blood as it is pumped from the heart. Which is a more worrisome blood pressure? 140/ 100 100/60

15. Watch this video: Cardiac Conduction System Now answer the questions: What structure is responsible for initiating action potentials in the heart? S-A node (pacemaker) The graph used to monitor the cardiac conduction system is called an _________________? EKG (ECG) The ventricles contract during the ____________ wave. QRS

16. What is the name of this graph? EKG Which pattern is normal?

17. Lymphatic and Immune Systems Which of the following is not part of the lymphatic system? a. Lymph b. Lymph junctions c. Lymph nodes d. Lymph vessels b.

18. Lymphatic structures WORD BANK Lymph node Lymph vessel Right lymphatic duct Spleen Thoracic duct Thymus Tonsils

19. Lymph comes from a. Tissue fluids b. Organ fluids c. Digestive fluids d. Reproductive fluids a.

20. Which is not true about lymph nodes. a. They filter lymph b. Serve as production site for antibodies c. Remove phagocytized material d. Produce red blood cells d.

21. Specific defenses against disease include species resistance, mechanical barriers, fever and inflammation. False: Nonspecific defenses The immune system can attack foreign invaders. True

22. (Before birth / After birth ) the body determines what is self and non-self. Macrophages attack cells which display (antibodies / antigens ) that are non-self. Once macrophages enter the lymph system, ( Killer T-cells / Helper T-cells ) are activated. Helper T-cells call out B cells to produce ( histamines / antibodies ) that inhibit the spread of the infection. Killer T-cells ( destroy / isolate ) the infection. Suppressor T-cells control ( killer T-cells / the infection ). Some B-cell and Killer T-cells become (suppressor T-cell/ memory cells).

23. The condition in which the immune system attacks a person’s own cells is known as A. an allergy B. autoimmunity C. self defense D. Cancer B.

24. An example of natural immunity is a vaccine. False: acquired Allergies are normal responses to foreign invaders. False: abnormal Epinephrine is used to treat severe allergic reactions. True

25. Respiratory system Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? a.Take in carbon dioxide and remove oxygen b.Warm and moisturize the air c.Filter particles d.Speech a. Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

26. Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Trachea Bronchi Alveoli Lungs a.Small clusters involved in gas exchange b.Branched airways leading to alveoli c.Blocks material from entering trachea d.Throat e.Soft, spongy organs f.Where air enters the body g.Houses the vocal cords h.Windpipe- filters incoming air

28. The function of the nasal conchae is to A.reduce the weight of the skull B.filter the air C.swirl the air so it can be warmed and humidified D.cool and dry the air C.

29. Match each structure with its function Nostril Nasal hairs Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchiole Tubes Passageway into lungs Where air enters the respiratory system Tube for both air and food Trap large particles Contains the vocal cords A tube connecting the larynx and bronchi

30. True or False? The microscopic alveoli within the lungs are the site of gas exchange. True The blood vessels surrounding the alveoli are (arteries / arterioles / capillaries / venules / veins. ) Capillaries have thin walls, allowing gases to easily diffuse in and out.

31. The CO 2 is moving into the alveolus and the O 2 is moving into the blood stream because of differences in A. pH B. partial pressure C. charge B.

32. Ventilation Which of the following would not be associated with inhalation? a.Diaphragm b.The medulla oblongata c.The pons d.The pectoralis minor muscles The medulla

33. Exhalation Muscles of exhalation relax due to elastic recoil. True Chemoreceptors keep alveoli from completely collapsing after an exhalation. False: Surfactant

34. What will happen to breathing rate in each of the following situations? Fight or flight? Increase Hyperventilation in fresh air? Decrease An out of shape person climbing stairs? Increase

36. Digestive System The purpose of the digestive system is to mechanically and chemically break down food for the purpose of absorption. True Digestion is aided by enzymes. True

37. The biochemical broken down in the mouth? Carbohydrates The biochemical broken down in the stomach? Proteins The biochemical broken down in the small intestine? Lipids

39. Circle the best answer The ( lymph / salivary ) glands produce enzymes that break down carbs. The ( teeth / tongue ) aid(s) in swallowing. The ( epiglottis / glottis ) prevents food from entering the respiratory system.

40. The ( gallbladder / liver ) makes bile that emulsifies large fat droplets. Bicarbonate is secreted into the ( small intestine / large intestine ) to neutralize stomach acid. Absorption of most nutrients takes place in the ( small intestine / large intestine ). The large intestine absorbs ( feces / water ).

41. How is the nutrient important? Water Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Vitamins/Minerals Provide quick energy Long term energy Essential for normal cell function, growth and development Make up body structures such as muscle and skin Dissolves chemicals, transports heats, lubricates joints

42. Urinary System The function of the urinary system is to maintain proper levels of A.water B.electrolytes C.hydrogen Ions D.all of the above D.

44. Word Bank: calyx, capsul,e column, cortex, pelvis, pyramid, renal artery, renal vein, ureter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

45. The kidneys filter blood to remove ( wastes / nutrients ) The renal ( cortex / medulla ) is the site of filtration. The renal pyramid is made of ( nephron tubules / ureters).

46. If your are vigorously exercising on a hot and humid day for a long period of time you should. A.Drink water B.Replace lost electrolytes C.Monitor urine output D.All of the above D. And take lots of breaks!

47. Reproductive System You can live without your reproductive system. True The primary sex organ of the male is the penis. False: testes The primary sex organ of the female is the ovary. True

48. The menstrual cycle prepares the woman’s body for fertilization. True Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an egg. True A woman is considered pregnant once an embryo implants itself in the fallopian tubes. False: uterus

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