1. Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Ch.22

2. Building a German Nation
Sec. 1

3. Otto von Bismarck Who: Prime minister of Prussia
What: King William I made him Prime Minister, he hoped to bring more power to the Hohenollerns (Prussian kings) by uniting Germ
When: 1871
Where: Prussia, Germany
Why: used Realpolitik to create a powerful Prussian army – starts wars w. nearby powers (Austria & France) to solidify Prussian power & bring Germanic ppls together  he unites the Germanic states into large empire “2nd Reich” = Germany is largest, most powerful country in Europe

4. Chancellor Who: Otto Von Bismarck
What: the highest official of a monarch
When: 1862
Where: Prussia
Why: King William I made Bismarck Prime minister = soon became this high official w. all the real leading power

5. Realpolitik Who: Otto von Bismarck
What: real politics based on the needs of the state, “Blood and Iron”
When: 1860s-1870s
Where: Prussia, Germany
Why: in this strategy power was more important than principles; Bismarck used this policy of “Blood & Iron” (the blood of men in war & build up your industry) to unite G through war & make it into a powerful empire

6. Annex Who: Bismarck, Prussians What: take control of other land
When: 1866
Where: Prussia, north German states
Why: Bismarck dissolved the Austrian-led German Confederation- went to war w. Austria – Prussia won = took north German states & made a new Prussian-led confederation = kicking Austria out

7. Kaiser Who William I What: German title for Emperor When: 1871
Where: Germany
Why: German people  b.c of the victory over France = convince William I to take this title when the German Confederation was united under one central power in the Second Reich (or Empire)

8. Reich Who Germans, nationalists What: German empire When1871
Where Germany
Why: This united Germany into one central Empire; Bismarck set up a two-house legislature; Bundesrat (upper house) appointed by rulers, Reichstag (lower house)- elected by universal male suffrage; Bundesrat could veto any decisions of the Reichstag= power remained w. Emperor

9. Germany Strengthens
Sec. 2

10. Kulturkampf Who: Bismarck
What: “Battle for Civilization” between Catholics & Lutherans
When:
Where: Germany
Why: Bismarck was a Lutheran, 1/3rd of Germany was Catholic = he distrusted them = wanted them to put loyalty to the state instead of church = passed laws that gave the state the right to supervise Catholics = Catholics united agnst Bismarck = he tried to make peace w. them

11. William II Who: German Kaiser, grandson of William I
What: succeeded William I, the 1st Kaiser; confident ruler who believed his right to rule was from God
When
Where
Why: (on the next slide..)

12. Why…
shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to step down b.c. he wanted the pwr;
resisted Democratic reforms but provided social welfare programs;
Built up German military, the greatest in Europe (…WWI…)
Expanded German navy
His nationalism & aggressive military stance = increased tensions = WWI

13. Social Welfare Who: William II
What: programs to help certain groups of people
When: 1888
Where: Germany
Why: William II’s gov’t provided services such as cheap transportation & electricity; an excellent system of public schools taught students obedience to the Emperor

14. Unifying Italy
Sec. 3

15. Camillo Cavour Who: Italian politician & unifier
What: watned to unify Italy under a monarchy, unified Northern Italy
When: 1860s
Where: Italy
Why: He reformed Sardinia’s economy- improved agriculture, built railroads, free trade; Long term goal: end Austrian control in Italy & annex Lombardy & Venetia (provinces near him); provoked war with Austria = independence = unified Northern Italy; joined with Garibaldi= one complete unified Italy

16. Giuseppe Garibaldi Who: Italian nationalist
What: led “Red shirts” & wanted Italian unification under a republic, unified Southern Italy
When: 1860s
Where: Italy
Why: led “Red Shirts” (army) in controlling Sicily then joined Cavour’s forces & united Southern Italy= turned over S. Italy to Emmanuel (in the North) for one complete unified Italy

17. Anarchist Who: Socialists, Anarchists
What: people who want to abolish all government
When: late 1800s
Where: Italy
Why: Left wing radicals were struggling agnst the Conservative govt- eventually Anarchists emerged b.c. they believed the gov’t no longer was a functional system= they turned to sabotage & violence = eventually the govt extended suffrage to more men & improved social conditions

18. Emigration Who: Italian peasants
What: to move away from your homeland, people that leave to live in another country
When: 1900s
Where: Italy to US, Canada, Latin Am
Why: many Italians left & went to Americas because of the divisions (poor vs rich) & political probs (Lib vs. Conserv.); by 1914, Italy was much better off than 1861 but still had probs

19. Russia: Reform and Reaction
Sec.5

20. Colossus Who: Russia What: giant in size When: 1800s- present
Where: Russia
Why: Russia was giant in size = Europeans feared her autocratic govt & expansion; but even though Russia had immense natural resources she remained economically undeveloped = there was a need to modernize

21. Crimean War Who: Russians vs. Ottoman Turks
What: a war the broke out after Russia tried to seize Ottoman Lands along the Danube River
Where: Crimean Peninsula
When: 1855
Why: Britain & France helped Ottomans invade the Crimean penin; Russia was defeated = revealed Russsia’s backwardness = Russia had only a few miles of RR, military was inefficient = many felt dramatic changes were needed to modernize

22. Alexander II Who: Tsar of Russia
What: A tsar who believed in reform and repression
When: 1855
Where: Russia
Why: (on next slide)

23. Why: liberals demanded dramatic changes so he:
In 1861 he emancipated all serfs;
He also set up a system of local gov. Elected assemblies (zemstovs) ;
discussed road repairs, schools, and agriculture
Legal reforms like trial by jury
Eased censorship
Reduced military service terms
encouraged growth of industry
Reforms still didn’t please the majority = he became more strict = assassinated 1881

24. Emancipation Who: Alexander II, Russian serfs
What: freeing of the serfs
When: 1861
Where: Russia
Why: Alexander II reformed Russia in order to improve it- this freedom brought probs. =
former serfs had to buy the land they had worked, but were 2 poor;
the land allotted to peasants were 2 small to efficiently support a family/make a living
* Peasants stayed poor = DISCONTENT!

25. Zemstov Who: Alexander II, Russians What: elected assemblies
When: 1861
Where:Russia
Why: Alexander II reformed Russia by giving a form of elected gov’t = they were responsible for road repairs, schools, & agriculture= this gave Russians some experience w. self-government at the local level

26. Alexander III Who: Tsar of Russia, son Alexander II
What: revives harsh methods of Nicholas I, focused more on repression & gets rids of Alex II’s reforms
Where: Russia
When: s
Why:

27. Why: Increased power of secret police Restored strict censorship
Exiled critics to Siberia
Russification= suppressed non-Russian cultures= increased persecution of the Jews
Finally entered the industrial age

28. Pogrom Who: Jewish, Russians
What: violent mob attacks on Jewish people & their homes
When:
Where: Russia
Why: Under Alex III, persecution increased = Jews not allowed at universities or in certain professions, forced to live in certain places; gangs beat & killed Jewish people, looted & burned their homes & stores= most Jews fled in large #s to the US

29. Refugees Who: Russian Jews
What: people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere
When: 1800s-1900s
Where: Russia- US
Why: official persecution of Jews encouraged pogroms = gangs beating, killing, burning Jews & their homes = many left Russia for safety = large #s went to the US

30. Nicholas II Who: Tsar of Russia, son of Alexander III
What: focused on economic development
Where: Russia
When:
Why: (on next slide)

31. encouraged industrialization
encouraged building of RR; secured foreign capital to invest in industry & transportation (Trans-Siberian RR)
= political & social probs increased- peasants & nobles feared rapid changes & poor working conditions = 
= Revolution of 1905 = tried to please the people w. Duma & changes but still not happy
= Rev. of 1917 = executed = end to the monarchy in Russia

32. Duma Who: Nicholas II, Russians What: an elected national legislature
When: 1905
Where: Russia
Why: peasants are angry & revolt in the Rev of 1905 = terrorists target gov’t officials = Nicholas II summons the Duma to appease the ppl saying no law would go into effect w.o their approval

33. Peter Stolypin Who: Russian prime minister under Nicholas II
What: Russian prime minister that sought to restore order after Revolution of 1905
When:1906
Where: Russia
Why: he wanted to reform Russia; wanted to gain peasant support w. moderate land reforms, strengthened zemstovs & improved education; - reforms too limited for most = was assassinated 1911