1. Interactions and Conflict
World I Review
Islamic Empires
Interactions and Conflict

2. Importance of Trade
By the 15th Century, technological and scientific advances had been exchanged among the cultures of the world:
Paper, the compass, silk, & porcelain (China)
Textiles, numerical system (India & Ottomans)
Medicine, astronomy, and mathematics (Mideast, Africa, and Asia)

3. The Islamic Empires

5. The Ottomans
The Ottoman Empire lasted for over 600 years (13th to 19th Centuries)
Fell in 1922 (after WWI)
The Ottoman Empire was concentrated in Asia Minor on the Anatolian Peninsula.
It emerged as a political and economic power following the fall of Constantinople (1453) , which was renamed Istanbul.

6. The Ottoman Empire

7. The Ottomans The Ottomans expanded their empire into
Southwest Asia (Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and parts of Saudi Arabia)
Southern Europe (Balkan Peninsula: Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Albania)
Parts of North Africa.
The Ottomans ruled Christians, Jews, and Muslims but ISLAM (Sunni) was the unifying religion.

8. The Ottomans
The Ottoman Empire benefited from its location: controlled most east/west trade.
The Empire produced mostly coffee and ceramics.
The spices, silks, timber, gunpowder, technological advances passed through their empire on the way to Europe, which made them rich.

9. Important People Osman ( leader of the tribe 1300-1326) Nomadic Turk
Warrior for Islam = ghazis
Began raiding eastern fringes of Byzantine Empire
Captured parts of Anatolia and settled there
West called him Othman – Ottomans named after him
Gunpowder = first people to use cannons and carried muskets

10. Important People Mehmet II (the Conqueror)
Captured Constantinople from
Byzantine Christians
Renamed Istanbul

11. Turning point in history: Capture of Constantinople

12. Important People Suleiman I (1520) “The Magnificent”
Empire reaches height
* Ottoman Rule
~ kind
~ appointed local Sultans
~ improved lives of peasants
~ non-Muslims pay tax
Siege on Vienna
Empire fell – corruption
Important People

13. Cultural Achievements
Cultural Diffusion – blending of cultures
Astronomy and math
Schools
Art and Literature
Spices, Silk (from China)
Used Gunpowder (from China)

14. Political Characteristics
Vizier – head administrator
Over time gained power over the sultans
Janissaries – elite military group, which gained great power
“Devshirme” – Young Christian boys, from conquered territories, became slaves to Sultan
Learned Turkish and converted to Islam
Served as bureaucrats or infantrymen in army

15. Ottoman Janissaries
Elite military group;
Power based on cannons & firearms

16. I. Ottoman Empire Special Topics
Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims
1. Millet System = “Millet” comes from Arabic word for nation
2. Religious groups = Millets
3. Christians = Millet; Jews = Millet
4. Millets could choose own religious leader
5. Follow own religious laws
6. Polytheists persecuted

17. Fall of Ottoman
Began to decline in 17th century – too large to maintain
Could not control local governments that pocketed taxes
Peasant revolts
Succession issues
Janissaries demands
Fall of Ottoman Empire
Crash Course Crash Course

18. Battle of Lepanto (1571) Ottoman Empire vs. Spain (Phillip II)
Spain wins; Ottomans lose control of Mediterranean

19. Safavid
The Safavid Empire consisted of present day Iran and parts of Afghanistan and Russia.
Ruled by a Shah or emperor.
Islam (Shiite) was the unifying religion.
Caught between the Ottomans and the Mughals and thus has limited influence.

20. Safavid Members of an Islamic brotherhood joined Shi’a Muslims
Isma’il (1499)
Leader of army – 14yrs old
Fought Ottomans (Sunni Muslim)
Destroyed Sunni population in Baghdad
Selim the Grim responded by killing nearly 40,000 Shi’a Muslims
Qizilbash – “redheads” – calvalry armed with swords and knives
No Navy was every built
Fighting still continues today

21. * Persian rugs * Architecture * Sufism Golden Age 1588
Cultural Blending
Golden Age 1588
Shah Abbas “Abbas the Great” ( )
Blend of Persian, Ottoman, and Arab worlds
Reformed army (2 armies; 1 Persian and 1 Ottoman)
Reformed government
Punished corruption
Created good relationships
with Europe and China
Collapse under internal attacks
* Persian rugs
* Architecture
* Sufism

22. Safavid architecture – colorful floral designs

23. Shah Abbas the Great
Safavid Ruler

24. Safavid Empire Special Topics - Ottoman-Safavid Conflict
- Ottoman Sunni vs. Safavid Shia conflict
~ continual border fighting
~Ottoman take Safavid territory
~Result = Sunni-Shia conflict today in region (Iraq & Iran)
Miniature depicting Ottoman victory over the Safavids

27. The Mughals
Descendants of the Mongols, Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers of India and surrounding regions.
Babur – descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan conquered Delhi
Location of their Empire:
Northern India
Parts of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.

28. Founded Akbar “Great One” Shah Jahan Built Taj Mahal (Tomb!)
Golden Age ( )
Akbar “Great One”
Religious Freedom
Blended cultures – Islam and Hinduism
Sikhism – new religion, rejects Caste System
Attempted to outlaw the practice of sati
Built Military – lots of fire power
Language – Hindi = mix of Persian and local
Shah Jahan
Built Taj Mahal (Tomb!)
Built it after wife died (Mumtaz Mahal)
She died after giving birth to 14th child
20,000 workers – 22 years = much suffering
Purdah – strict enforcement of women not venturing outside the home unescorted

30. Cultural characteristics
Conflicts between Muslims and Hindu's
Nanuk – stressed meditation as a means of seeking enlightenment and utilized both religions teachings
Guru (religious leader) – of new religion called Sikhism
Akbar – “Devine Faith” - combined Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian and Sikh beliefs

31. Architectural Styles
Ottoman
Safavid
Mughal

32. The Mughals Contributions Spread Islam into India
The Mughals ruled an empire of mostly Hindu.
Like the Ottomans they built many impressive temples and shrines.
Taj Mahal
Their culture was a blend of Hindu and Muslim.
They carried on an extensive trade with the Europeans after their arrival during the late 15th Century.

33. The Mughals
The Portuguese, British, and Dutch (Netherlands) all competed for the Indian Ocean trade.
These Europeans (French, Dutch, Portuguese) arrived in India in the late 14th century-set up trading posts.
Western Coast with local rulers of the Mughal Empire.
The British gained a monopoly by the 1600s.
Cotton and Indian textiles were the primary product.

34. Mughal Empire Special Topics
- Intensification of Peasant Labor
- Indian cotton textile production
~British textile industry demands =
more Indian production/ increased peasant labor

36. Explore the Taj Mahal

37. Land-Based “Gunpowder” Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals
Ottoman Empire
Land-Based “Gunpowder” Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals
On which seas did the Ottomans have the greatest influence?
What is the commonality between Tours and Vienna?
Significant accomplishment of Suleiman the Magnificent?
In short, how did Janissaries gain power & influence?
Describe the “Devshirme” system.
Like the Byzantine Empire before it, the Ottoman Empire enjoyed commercial success by controlling which narrow waterway?
Reasons contributing to Ottoman decline?
Economically, how were the Ottomans weakened by European nations?
Which form of Islam dominated Ottoman society?
Technologically, what attitudes kept the Ottomans behind the Europeans?
Significance of Battle of Lepanto?
Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire strengthened the position of which form of Islam?
What was a main reason for conflict between Ottomans and Safavids?
How are these conflicts reflected in this region today?
Greatest Safavid ruler? His emphasis/strengths? (Also see excerpt on 313)
Couple reasons Safavids had less trade contact with Europeans?
Safavid culture centered around which local culture/traditions?
Example of distinctive Shi’ite/Persian architectural influence?
Roughly, how long did the Ottomans outlast the Safavids?

38. Mughal Empire
Which “empire” preceded Mughal control of the subcontinent?
What was always an obstacle to cohesive rule in India?
Founder of Mughal Empire?
In space on left, create an organizer illustrating “Akbar’s Reforms” - include religious reform from pg. 318
Highly-valued Indian commodity traded for by the Europeans?
Significance of the Taj Mahal?
In space on left, create an organizer illustrating “Women in Indian Society”
Prior to Mughal control, what new religion had developed in India? And the main motivations for creation of this religion?
Make a cultural comparison between the period ruled by Jahangir and Shah Jahan and that of 15th-16th century Italy.
Write a comprehensive thesis statement analyzing how Aurangzeb’s policies led to the British take-over of India.
Create a simple timeline identifying the rule of India between 2000 B.C.E. and 1750 C.E.

39. Islamic Land-Based Empires – 1450-1750
“Gunpowder Empires”
Ottoman Empire:
Original location: Asia Minor
Expansion and extent of the Ottoman Empire:
Southwest Asia
Southeastern Europe
Balkan Peninsula
North Africa
Characteristics:
Capital = Constantinople renamed Istanbul
Islamic Sunni religion = unifying force that accepted other religions
Main trade = coffee & ceramics
Mughal Empire:
Location: North India
Contribution of Mughal Rulers:
- Further spread of Islam into India
- Art & architecture – Taj Mahal
- Establishment of European trading posts
- Influence of Indian textiles: British textile industry expands; peasant labor intensifies.
Trade with European Nations
- Portugal, England, France, & the Netherlands (Dutch) competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian sub-continent
Southern India trade:
Silk, spices and gems
Safavid Empire:
Original Location: SW Asia, Persia, Modern Iran
Expansion and extent of the Safavid Empire:
Hindu Kush Mts. in the east (to Mughal Empire)
Zagros Mts. in the west (to Ottoman Empire)
Characteristics:
Persian culture and architecture
Shia Islam unified and legitimized empire and rule
Main trade = Persian carpets

41. .Tours - 732