1. Fractures & Repair

3. Male vs. Female Pelvis Female Structure (All related to female pelvis functioning as a birth canal): Iliac bones more flared Angle of pubic arch greater > distance b/t ischial spines Sacral curvature shorter & wider Bones lighter

4. Osteopenia/Osteoporosis In early adulthood, the activity of osteoblasts & osteoclasts are about equal Bone is constantly being remodeled In late adulthood, the balance shifts & osteoclasts start tearing more bone down In females, the lack of estrogen enhances the ability of osteoclasts to absorb bone. Since the osteoblasts (the cells which produce bone) are not encouraged to lay down more bone, the osteoclasts win and more bone is lost than is produced.

5. Symptoms of Osteoporosis Trabeculae are lost & spaces develop in bone Spaces fill in with fibrous & fatty tissue “Fragility fractures” result Loss of bone density Loss of bone mass

6. Risk Factors for Osteoporosis Post-menopausal females Genetics Low dietary calcium Lack of weight-bearing exercise Smoking Drinking alcohol Recent weight loss Caucasian or Asian women with slight build Older age

7. Diagnosis & Treatment of Osteoporosis Both diseases are assessed by measuring BMD (bone mineral density) Osteopenia is defined as 1 to 2.5 standard deviations below the mean for BMD Osteoporosis is a BMD of at least 2.5 std. dev. below the mean Medication (biophosphonates 1X weekly or monthly) to build bone Weight-bearing exercise 30 min. daily 1.000-1,500 mg daily of Ca 200 IU Vit D

8. Disorders of the Skeletal System Of the vertebral column: kyphosis – an exaggerated thoracic curvature (rounded shoulders & hunchback) scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature pf the vert. column lordosis – accentuated lumbar curvature

9. Disorders of the Vert. Column Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis→

10. Osgood-Schlatter Disease commonly seen in a growing child and adoles- cent this is b/c the bones are typically growing faster than the muscles and tendons, so they have a tendency to become tight. most often seen in preteen and teenage boys from 9 to 13 years old. occasionally diagnosed in girls ages 8 to 13.

11. Osteogenesis Imperfecta Commonly called “Brittle Bone Disease” The classic symptoms include: weak bones, which makes them susceptible to fractures usually below average height blue tint to the whites of their eyes (blue sclera) multiple bone fractures early hearing loss loose joints (hypermobility) and flat feet the development of poor teeth bowed legs and arms the severity of the disease varies greatly

12. Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)