1. AP REVIEW

2. Today’s Class  Announcements: MANDATORY AP ASSEMBLY NEXT WEEK DURING CONFERENCE PERIOD IN THE AUDITORIUM: ○ Monday, April 20 Freshmen & Sophomores: 7:45 – 8:30 am Juniors & Seniors: 8:45 – 9:15 am Not that you would know it, but TUSD Stats is current (except for 13-14 Exam) ○ If you missed the exam on Units 13-14, please schedule a makeup ASAP Connections Assignment: Friday, April 24  AP Info & Review Schedule  Units 1-2 Review

3. Final Exam Info  Part 1: Thursday, April 30  Part 2: Friday, May 1  Cheat sheets ARE allowed.  1 piece of 8.5x11” paper, but only one side of the paper this time Nothing that unfolds or somehow gives you more space. You don’t have to make a cheat sheet.

4. AP Psychology Exam Info  Monday, May 4 (afternoon session) bring photo ID, pens/pencils, & DO NOT BE LATE  2 hour, 10 minute exam Part 1: Multiple choice ○ 100 questions (A-E) ○ 70 minutes ○ ANSWER EVERY QUESTION! GUESS GUESS GUESS! 10 minute break Part 2: Free response ○ 2 questions ○ 50 minutes ○ ANSWER DIRECTLY!

5. AP Psychology Exam Info Composite ScoreAP Grade (approx.) 96-1505 74-954 55-733 36-542 0-351 150 total possible points (100 multiple choice, 50 free response)

6. Unit 1 Review Topics  Important People to Know John Locke Rene Descartes Hippocrates Sir Frances Bacon Wilhelm Wundt William James Sigmund Freud  Terms/Ideas psychology phrenology empiricism dualism tabula rasa structuralism ○ introspection functionalism Gestalt psychology ○ perceptual units psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory ○ unconscious behaviorism humanistic psychology cognitive psychology social psychology nature vs. nurture psychology vs. psychiatry

7. Unit 2 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. random assignment reliability validity (internal & external) demand characteristics placebo effect double-blind design Descriptive statistics ○ measures of central tendency ○ measures of variability Inferential statistics ○ statistical significance ○ meta-analysis informed consent debriefing Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)  Terms/Ideas hypothesis theory operational definition population sample (random sampling) Descriptive research ○ case study ○ surveys ○ naturalistic observation Correlational research ○ correlation coefficient (r) ○ direction and size of correlations ○ limitations? Experimental research ○ independent & dependent variables ○ experimental & control conditions ○ confounds

8. Unit 3 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. agonists & antagonists Nervous system ○ central and peripheral ○ Peripheral  Skeletal and Autonomic ○ Autonomic  Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Endocrine system ○ hormones ○ pituitary gland Mapping Brain Functions ○ EEG ○ CT scan ○ PET scan ○ MRI & fMRI  Terms/Ideas glial cells Neuron ○ cell body/soma ○ nucleus ○ dendrites ○ axon ○ myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier, Schwann cells ○ terminal buttons/terminal branches resting potential action potential threshold (“all or none law”) synapse/synaptic cleft Neurotransmitters ○ vescicles ○ receptors ○ reuptake (SSRIs)

10. Unit 3 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. Forebrain, cont. ○ cerebral cortex frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe ○ corpus callosum ○ anterior cingulate plasticity  Important People to Know Phineas Gage H.M.  Terms/Ideas Hindbrain ○ medulla ○ pons ○ reticular formation ○ cerebellum Midbrain ○ thalamus Forebrain ○ limbic system hippocampus hypothalamus amygdala

11. Unit 4 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. Visual Sensation & Perception, cont. ○ cues to depth perception (monocular vs. binocular) ○ motion perception stroboscopic effect phi phenomenon ○ change blindness ○ Stroop task Auditory Sensation & Perception ○ amplitude & frequency of sound waves ○ parts of the ear ○ pitch theories (place theory, frequency theory) ○ cocktail party effect gate-control theory of pain synesthesia  Terms/Ideas sensation vs. perception bottom-up & top-down processing absolute threshold ○ just-noticeable difference (JND) ○ Weber’s Law priming signal detection theory sensory adaptation transduction Visual Sensation & Perception ○ amplitude & frequency of light waves ○ parts of the eye ○ theories of color vision trichromatic theory opponent-process theory (afterimages) ○ feature detector neurons

12. Unit 5 Review Topics Sleep, cont. ○ sleep disorders insomnia narcolepsy (hypocretin) sleep apnea night terrors Hypnosis ○ absorption ○ applications of hypnosis Psychoactive drugs ○ addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal ○ 3 classes: depressants stimulants hallucinogens Near-death experiences  Terms/Ideas consciousness (normal/waking vs. altered states) Sleep ○ circadian rhythm (roles of hypothalamus, pineal gland, melatonin) ○ stages of sleep brain wave activity ○ Why do we sleep? ○ Why do we dream? Freud (manifest vs. latent content) activation-synthesis theory memory consolidation

13. Unit 6 Review Topics Operant conditioning ○ Law of Effect ○ shaping ○ positive & negative reinforcement ○ 4 schedules of partial reinforcement: fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval ○ positive & negative punishment Other types of learning besides conditioning ○ latent learning ○ insight learning ○ social/observational learning (modeling) ○ mirror neurons  Terms/Ideas Classical conditioning ○ 4 aspects: unconditioned stimulus (US) conditioned stimulus (CS) unconditioned response (UR) conditioned response (CR) ○ acquisition ○ extinction ○ reacquisition ○ spontaneous recovery ○ stimulus discrimination ○ stimulus generalization ○ biological preparedness ○ taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling study) ○ systematic desensitization

14. Unit 6 Review Topics  Important People to Know Ivan Pavlov John Watson Edward Thorndike BF Skinner Wolfgang Kohler Albert Bandura Robert Rescorla

15. Unit 7 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. Memory, cont. ○ retrograde & anterograde amnesia ○ long-term potentiation ○ flashbulb memories ○ memory interference (proactive & retroactive) ○ repression ○ mnemonic devices  Terms/Ideas Memory ○ 3 steps to forming a memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) ○ Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage Model of Memory sensory memory  short-term (working) memory  long-term memory ○ rehearsal ○ chunking ○ levels/depth of processing ○ primacy & recency effects ○ types of memories explicit vs. implicit episodic, semantic, procedural

16. Unit 7 Review Topics  Important People to Know Hermann Ebbinghaus Elizabeth Loftus Benjamin Whorf Noam Chomsky  Terms/Ideas Thinking ○ linguistic relativity (Whorf) ○ algorithms vs. heuristics heuristics: availability, representativeness, anchor & adjust ○ confirmation bias Language ○ phonemes, morphemes ○ grammar (syntax, semantics) ○ Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia

17. Unit 8 Review Topics Emotion ○ basic emotions ○ catharsis ○ 3 important theories of emotion 1. James-Lange 2. Cannon-Bard 3. two-factor theory (Schacter & Singer) ○ polygraph tests ○ effects of stress General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)  Important People to Know Abraham Maslow Paul Ekman Schacter & Singer Hans Selye  Terms/Ideas Motivation ○ drive-reduction theory ○ law of optimal arousal (aka. Yerkes-Dodson Law) ○ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs self-actualization ○ hunger (lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus) anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa ○ evolutionary perspective on mating habits ○ flow

18. Unit 9 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. Psychosocial Development ○ attachment styles ○ critical period/imprinting ○ Baumrind’s parenting styles ○ Erikson’s stage model Moral Development ○ Kohlberg’s stage model dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease  Important People to Know Jean Piaget Harry Harlow Mary Ainsworth Konrad Lorenz Lawrence Kohlberg Erik Erikson  Terms/Ideas Physical/Prenatal Development ○ zygote  embryo  fetus ○ teratogens Cognitive Development ○ schemas (assimilation & accomodation) ○ Piaget’s stage model object permanence conservation egocentrism/theory of mind ○ autism

19. Unit 10 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. Trait approach ○ factor analysis ○ five-factor theory of personality (“the Big Five”) learned helplessness  Important People to Know Sigmund Freud Anna O. Carl Jung Gordon Allport Alfred Adler  Terms/Ideas Psychoanalytic theory (aka. psychodynamic) ○ the unconscious ○ Ways to access the unconscious: dreams (manifest vs. latent content) free association hypnosis projective tests ○ id, superego, & ego ○ Freud’s stage model of psychosexual development ○ Oedipus complex ○ defense mechanisms: repression, displacement, projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation

20. Unit 11 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. stereotype threat  Important People to Know Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon Lewis Terman Charles Spearman Howard Gardner Robert Sternberg  Terms/Ideas Intelligence ○ general intelligence (g) ○ emotional intelligence ○ convergent vs. divergent thinking (creativity) ○ crystallized vs. fluid intelligence Intelligence testing ○ Intelligence quotient (IQ) ○ famous IQ tests: Binet-Simon Stanford-Binet WAIS/WISC ○ standardization ○ reliability (test-retest; split-half) ○ validity (criterion/predictive)

22. Unit 12 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. Mood disorders ○ Major depressive disorder (MDD) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) ○ Bipolar disorder (BD) Schizophrenia ○ delusions, hallucinations, language disruptions Personality disorders ○ especially borderline (BPD) and antisocial (APD) Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Somatoform disorders  Important People to Know David Rosenhan  Terms/Ideas Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th edition (DSM-IV) ○ 5 axes of the DSM Anxiety Disorders ○ Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) ○ Panic disorder (PD) ○ Agoraphobia ○ Phobias ○ Social anxiety disorder (SAD) (aka. social phobia) ○ Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ○ Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

23. Unit 13 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. Types of Medication ○ antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety, mood-stabilizers “Alternative” Therapies ○ electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy  Important People to Know Sigmund Freud Carl Rogers Albert Ellis  Terms/Ideas Psychoanalytic Therapy ○ resistance ○ transference Humanistic Therapy ○ client-centered therapy ○ active listening Behavioral therapy ○ counterconditioning ○ token economies ○ systematic desensitization Cognitive therapy/cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) ○ rational-emotive therapy

24. Unit 14 Review Topics  Terms/Ideas, cont. Stereotypes, prejudice, & discrimination ○ Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT) ○ outgroup homogeneity, ingroup favoritism Persuasion ○ Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) ○ persuasion techniques: foot-in-the-door door-in-the-face Attraction & relationships ○ mere exposure effect ○ halo effect ○ Sternberg’s triangle theory Group processes ○ social facilitation, social loafing, group polarization, groupthink  Terms/Ideas Hindsight bias Fundamental attribution error Social roles (Stanford Prison Study) Cognitive dissonance Conformity ○ Informational & normative social influence Obedience to authority Helping behavior ○ Bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility Terror Management Theory

25. Unit 14 Review Topics  Important People to Know Phil Zimbardo Leon Festinger Solomon Asch Stanley Milgram Robert Sternberg