1. Beyond Bakhtin: Literally legislating the 'hell' out of the carnivalesque Dr Rebecca Finkel Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh Lecturer, Events Management School of Business, Enterprise & Management rfinkel@qmu.ac.uk

2. Presentation outline Research methods Cultural economy and link to cultural policies Shift in the way culture is interpreted, valued and experienced New Labour priorities Changes in public funding for arts festivals Impacts on programming Conclusions

3. Research methods 42-question mail-back survey questionnaire  117 combined arts festivals (2003)‏  56% response rate  66 in sample  Analysed by size and years in existence In-depth interviews with 18 organisers (2004)‏  Based on festival size and years in existence Case studies (2004-5)‏  Cardiff Festival  Henley Festival  Lichfield Festival  Lafrowda Festival (Cornwall)‏

4. Past perceptions of the societal roles of arts festivals Escapism  Featherstone, 1992 Reinforce community values and identity  Turner, 1982 Subversive social inversion  Bakhtin, 1968 Re-affirming status quo  Stallybrass and White, 1986

5. Contemporary roles in UK Argument  The concept that the arts and, more specifically, arts festivals have the potential to assist in economic development is a relatively new phenomenon, which has been embraced and implemented in late twentieth century Britain. Why?  Economic changes  Globalisation processes  Shift away from Keynesian principles  Government's entrepreneurial decisions

6. Cultural economy = Cultural policy? Decline of manufacturing and apparent rise of creative industries – 'Capitals of Culture' UK New Labour government's managerialist approaches towards culture Pressure on arts organisations to be instrumental in achieving cross-cutting targets for health, social inclusion, crime, education and community cohesion Emphasis on socio-economic outcomes as a result of arts provision, as opposed to simply the arts themselves

7. New Labour Priorities for Culture Functionalist arguments for public spending Tied to non-aesthetic, socio-economic policies Regeneration Image promotion Inter-urban competition Economic development Social inclusion agenda Tourism

8. Changes in public funding for arts 'Joined-up' government (DCMS --> ACE -->)‏ Justifications for public spending on arts  Diversity  Wider access  Social inclusion (not social justice)‏  Education  Economic benefits  Image/reputation

9. Impacts on arts festival funding Harder to secure public funding, so seek other means  “Too many hoops”  “Too many strings”  “Project” not “Performance”  Future sustainability concerns  ROI targets to be met  Diversity & inclusion agendas  Not “visible” enough with marketing to widely attract and develop audiences  Politically-correct content becomes watered down

10. Impacts on arts festival programming Argument  Sanitation of content  Standardisation of format and structure  Not as symbolically connected to unique characteristics of place and communities Why?  Increasing importance of economic development and marketing agendas  Instrumentalist guidelines to public subsidies  “Find a formula that works and repeat it”  Necessity and focus on business skills for staff  Higher value placed on non-aesthetic outcomes

11. Conclusions “The arts are a means of empowering people to shape their own identities and destinies. But it won’t be able to do that if they are seen as mere commodities, elite specialisms, niche marketing and other objects of economic exploitation” (Hewison in Robinson et al, 1994, 32).

12. References Bakhtin, M. (1968) Rabelais and his world. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press. Featherstone, M. (1992) 'Postmodernism and the aestheticization of everyday life', in Lash, S. and Friedman, J. (eds) Modernity and identity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 265-290. Robinson, O., Freeman, R., Riley II, C. (eds) (1994) The arts in the world economy: public policy and private philanthropy for a global cultural community, Salzburg seminar. London: University Press of New England. Stallybrass, P. and White, A. (1986) The politics and poetics of transgression. London: Metheun. Turner, V. (1982) Celebration: studies in festivity and ritual. Washington, DC: Smithsonian * Please see conference paper for complete list of references