1. Reformation

2. How did revolts against the Roman Catholic Church affect northern European society?
OBJECTIVES
Summarize the factors that encouraged the Protestant Reformation.
Analyze Martin Luther’s role in shaping the Protestant Reformation.

4. The early 1500s were uncertain times. Background to the Reformation
Inequalities in wealth, a new market economy, and religious discontent all bred uncertainty.
The printing press spread knowledge and new ideas quickly.
More people began to question the central force in their lives—the Church.
Background to the Reformation

5. The Roman Catholic Church was involved in politics.
They fought wars and plotted against powerful monarchs to protect the Papal States.
They lived in luxury, supported the arts, and hired artists to beautify churches.

6. To finance their lifestyles, church officials charged fees for services.
Some clergy also sold indulgences. Only the rich could afford to buy them.
An indulgence lessened the time one spent in purgatory before going to heaven.
In the Middle Ages, they were often granted for doing good deeds.

7. Martin Luther: Catalyst of Change
The German monk Martin Luther sparked a revolt in 1517.
Angered by the sale of indulgences, Luther drew up his 95 Theses and nailed them to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany.
He argued that indulgences had no place in the Bible, and Christians could only be saved by faith.
Rather than recant, Luther rejected the authority of Rome.
Martin Luther: Catalyst of Change

8. Overnight, copies of Luther’s 95 Theses spread and sparked debate across Europe.
But many agreed with Luther and became his followers.
In 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
The Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, declared Luther an outlaw and ordered his books to be burned.

9. Luther’s teachings versus Roman Catholic Church.
He believed that all Christians had equal access to God and did not need a priest to intervene.
He wanted ordinary people to study the Bible.
He banned the granting of indulgences, prayers to saints, pilgrimages, and confession.

10. A French-born priest and lawyer
Strongly influenced by Reformation ideas.
John Calvin

11. ?
Calvin accepted most Lutheran beliefs but added his own belief in predestination.
He preached that God had long ago determined who would or would not gain eternal salvation.
There were two kinds of people, saints and sinners.
Only the saved could live a truly Christian life. 11

12. How did the Reformation bring about two different religious paths in Europe?
OBJECTIVES
Understand why England formed a new church.
Analyze how the Catholic Church reformed itself.

13. English
Reformation
Wished to marry Anne Boleyn. He wanted a son - a male heir.
Pope refused to annul the marriage, the king took over the Church of England.
In 1527, Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage to wife Catherine, who had only borne a daughter, Mary Tudor.

14. Thomas Cranmer drew up The Book of Common Prayer, used at all Anglican services.
Parliament passed several laws to make the English or “Anglican” Church more Protestant.
While still in his teens, young Edward (Henry’s son) died and was succeeded by Mary Tudor.
Mary Tudor tried to restore Catholicism and had many Protestants burned at the stake for heresy.

15. Called the Counter-Reformation.
From 1530 to 1540, Pope Paul III led a movement to reform the Catholic Church.
Called the Counter-Reformation.
The Council of Trent declared that salvation comes through both faith and good works.
Catholic
Reformation

16. Pope Paul III used the Inquisition, a special court to fight against Protestantism.
The Inquisition used torture and executions.

17. Jews expelled from Spain in 1492.
In 1516, Venice ordered Jews to live in a separate part of the city called a ghetto.
Luther called for their expulsion from the north.

18. By 1600, a majority of Europeans remained Catholic, but Protestantism had a major foothold on the continent.

19. Reformation Changes Everything
The End