2.   Movement for reform of Christianity in Europe during the 1500s  Stark criticism of the Roman Catholic Church  Led by ‘protestors’ such as John Calvin and Martin Luther What is the Protestant Reformation?

3.   Long-Term  Roman Catholic Church became more worldly  Humanists urged return to simple religion  Strong kings emerged and resented power of Church  Bubonic Plague…  Church leaders acting like Kings  Pope Leo X – “God has given us the papacy – let us enjoy it!” Causes of the Reformation

4.   Short-Term  Indulgences  Martin Luther’s 95 Theses  Luther translated the Bible into German  Gutenberg’s printing press helped spread ideas  Reformers pressed for change  Increased fees for marriages, baptisms, and other public rites and rituals Causes of the Reformation

5.  John Calvin  Believed Christians only through faith in God  Believed people are born sinners  Preached predestination  Had ideas that spread to Germany, France, Holland, England, Scotland  Led a community in Switzerland

6.  Martin Luther  Did not believe in the sale of indulgences  Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God  Did not believe priests had special powers  Bible was the only source of religious truth  Had ideas that spread to northern Germany and Scandinavia  Had followers that later called themselves Protestants

7.  Henry VIII  Ruled England from 1509-1547  “Defender of the Faith”  Marital Issues  Wanted a son  Church law does not permit divorce or annulment  Gained the favor of the public and passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534

8.   Long-Term  Loss of religious unity in Western Europe  Religious civil wars broke out in Europe for more than 100 years  Catholic Reformation  Response to criticisms of Reformation ‘protestors’  Inquisition became stronger  Goal: to root out heresy by force  Heresy – people having beliefs that differed from official Church teachings  Many Jews forced into Eastern Europe Effects of the Reformation

9.   Short-Term  Peasants revolted  Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, and other Protestant churches founded  Holy Roman emperor weakened  Anti-semitism  Religious witch hunts Effects of the Reformation

10. Protestantism Religious Idea Roman Catholic Church Only through true repentance and penance Pardon for Sins Confession and indulgences The Bible, only THE Source for religious truth The Bible, the Pope, Church councils Faith alone Salvation Faith AND good deeds People should read the Bible and interpret it themselves Who should read the Bible? Only the clergy can communicate with God, so they should explain the Bible to people TwoHoly SacramentsSeven No Pilgrimages and prayers to Saints Yes Can Clergy Marry? No