1. Nationalism: Italian and German Unification
Emergence of realpolitik:
Failure of ’48 for liberals and Romantics demonstrated that strong idealism not enough to accomplish revolutionary goals
After 1850 “age of realism” replaced Romanticism as dominant philosophy
A political representation of realism is the notion of realpolitik: accomplishing one’s political goals via practical means (as opposed to idealism driving political decisions).
Nationalist goals were achievesd step by step. Who does this sound like from the past?
Yes, him. Ital. Unificcation, Germ. Unification, Hungarian autonomy

2. Italian Unification Story of three men
Giuseppe Mazzini—publicist “The Heart”
Camillo Cavour—stateman “The Head”
Giuseppe Garibaldi—soldier “The Sword”
Until 1850 Italy was dominated by outsiders
Austrian Empire and Pope led opposition
Many different visions of a united Italy
Mazzini: centralized dem-rep based on univ. male suffr. and will of the people
Gioberti: Cath priest.—federation of existing states under presidency of a progressive pope
Sardinia-Piedmont (autocratic kingdom) ala Germans and Prussia
Many were apathetic to idea

5. Nationalism
Movement spread by a secret society—Carbonari(coal-burners)
Influenced by French Revolution
Led revolts in 1820 and 1831
Giuseppe Mazzini—prophet of Italian Nationalism
Formed new group called Young Italy
Campaigns for national Italian dialect

6. Unification comes by military and diplomatic means
Primarily under the leadership of the one state in Italy under Italian control, the Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont

7. Count Camillo Cavour
Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia under King Vic E.
Build Sardinia/Piedmont into modern economically sound state
Clear objectives for Sardinia- Politics of reality
Northern Italy under Sardinia’s control
Not interested in Southern Italy
Too different-poor and agrarian
Establish kingdom as a serious European power
Fights in Crimean war
Negotiates French support in war with Austria

8. Creation of a Unified Northern Italy
Prompted by Piedmont’s victory over Austria, several Italian revolt.
Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna revolt and vote to join Piedmont.
By 1869, Italy consists of three region, a northern Italian Kingdom, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

10. Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of a guerilla movement
Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts)
Venture south into Sicily to bring about revolution
Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of the Two Sicilies
Cavour now invades the south and “takes” (or is it “unites”?) the prize from Garibaldi.

11. Unification By 1861, all of Italy except Rome and Venetia are united.
Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia
Venetia will be added in 1866
Rome seized in 1870.

13. Problems after Unification
Italy—poor w/ large illiterate population
Division between church and state
Economic divisions between the North and South
Localism too strong in many areas
Development of local strongmen
Little knowledge of and participation in gov’t

14. Solutions to problems?
Industry and trade were fostered by govt—transformismo
Improved agricultural methods developed
Gov’t encouraged emigration to US—ease over-popn due to high birthrate
High taxes pd to support growing Army and Navy

15. German Unification The last big unification piece of the 19th century
Most important in Europe from 1848 to 1914
Transformed the economic, military and diplomatic balance of power
The question of German unification would center around the two dominate German speaking countries of the period—Prussia and Austria
After 1848, Prussia was the increasing dominant power.

16. Otto von Bismarck
Comes to dominate Prussian, then German politics from
Prussian Chancellor from 1862
One of most remarkable leaders of 19th century
Came from Junker class (noble landlord) in East Prussia
Practiced realpolitik, little faith in liberalism or nationalism. Practical, pragmatic. By any means necessary
Conservative, but willing to work with middle class liberals
Iron and Blood speech(1862)—willing to use force to unify Germany, strengthen Prussia

18. Early Steps to Unification
Existing Pieces
Zollverein—customs union
Maintained economic links
Excluded Austria
Frankfurt Assembly—Assembly of all German states to exchange ideas
Bismarck needed to establish dominance in the Prussian government
Weaken power of liberals
Issue of taxation for expanded army

19. Wars of Unification War with Denmark(1864) War with Austria(1866)
Dispute over Schleswig-Holstein
Supported by Austria
Joint occupation
War with Austria(1866)
Seven Weeks’ War (Austro-Prussian War)
Quickly defeated Austria and German allies
Austria forced to give up role within Germany

21. North German Confederation
Formation of the North German Confederation
Prussia annexes Hanover, Hesse, Nassau and Frankfurt
Sets up basis of political structures
Appearance of liberalism but in reality a military monarchy
2 House Legislature-- Bundesrat and Reichstag
Little real power
Liberalism defeated by dream of unification

22. Franco-Prussian War
In many ways can be viewed as the first shots of World War I.
Napoleon III realizes after Prussian victories in Denmark and Austria that he must prevent German unification.
Bismarck’s goal was to complete unification by bringing into union the Catholic South German states.

23. Ems Telegram Bismarck finds an diplomatic issue as excuse for war
Question of member of German Royal Family assuming Spanish throne
France opposes for strategic purposes (encirclement)
Pressures Wilhelm I to refuse
Pushes issue too far
Bismarck edits telegram from Kaiser –makes it appear as a German insult to France
Popular press forces France to declare war on Prussia—matter of honor

24. War France is ill-prepared for conflict War was over in 6 months
Technologically backward compared to Prussia
War was over in 6 months
The states of Southern Germany joined the Northern German Confederation against France.
Prussians strike a devastating defeat on the French at Sedan
Captured 100,000 French troops
Take Napoleon III prisoner

25. Peace Terms France forced to pay a humiliating price for defeat
5 billion franc reparations
Alsace and Lorraine turned over to Germany
Important industrial region of France
Northern France occupied for three years
Plants the seeds for future year
French will vow revenge for embarrassment

26. Creation of a German Empire
Bismarck and William I proclaim a German Empire at Versailles.
Another insult to France
German Princes remained heads of their respective states within the Empire.
Culmination of Bismarck’s activities
Consolidated German Empire: uniform currency and legal code
Suppress Catholics in South: Kulturkampf:restrict church , esp. in ed and clergy

28. Impact
Fact and manner of German unification produced long term effects on Europe
New German Empire far stronger than Prussia alone
Militarily, economically it is strongest nation in Europe
Blow to European liberalism
New state is a conservative monarchy
Major impact on Balance of Power
France and Austria weakened
Simmering French hatred
Germany will now become a defender of the status quo

29. Other Actions of Bismarck
Tried to suppress the socialists:
Socialists appealed to urban workers who resented low pay and bad working conditions.
Bismarck tried to suppress them forcibly 1878 w/ anti-socialist laws, but failed.
By the 1880’s, Bismarck began to undermine them by supporting social legislation to gain the support of the workers.
These programs incl. unemployment insurance & workers’ comp., and soc. Sec. payments for retired Germans.

30. Germany
1888: William II (defender of divine right) became king and Bismarck remained the chancellor, until he was dismissed by William.
William II did the following:
Built up a strong army & navy
Encouraged industry & commerce
Encouraged imperialism and annexation

31. Austria-Hungary
Emperor Francis-Joseph tried to solve problems, they were too great for one ruler
Problems faced by the empire included:
The great number of national minorities which were living in the empire
Over-extension of the empire into areas, such as Italy
Failure to compete with the growing power of Prussia.
Absolutist, dynastic and agrarian liberal, nationalistic and industrial

32. Dual Monarchy
Revolts occurred in the Hungarian part of the empire between 1861 & 1867.
Defeat by Prussia and losses in Italy cause Austria to decl. in influence and power
1867: Ausgleich:
Austria and Hungary under one monarch--Dual Monarchy (Austro-Hungarian empire)
Hungary given control of its own affairs and control over its own minorities, make its own laws
the Hungarians (Magyars) dominant over other nationalities in regiondoes not give autonomy to other minorities\
Hungarians recog’d the emperor and accepted common policies for finances & foreign policy.
Austria faced many revolts between 1860 & 1914