1. Eastern Europe 1648-1740 Aging: (HOP) HRE, Ottoman Empire, Poland Emerging (RAP): Russia, Austria, Prussia

2. 3 Aging Empires Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Poland Poland Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Ineffective & pushed aside by growth of Prussia, Russia, Austria Ineffective & pushed aside by growth of Prussia, Russia, Austria

3. 3 Aging Empires Central govts weak Central govts weak Bad admin. & govt Bad admin. & govt All pushed out w/ newer states All pushed out w/ newer states Govts changed w/ whoever was in charge Govts changed w/ whoever was in charge

4. Division by East and West In East: In East: Towns smaller Towns smaller Labor less productive Labor less productive Middle class less strong Middle class less strong Peasants = mass loss of freedom Peasants = mass loss of freedom Landlords only significant political class Landlords only significant political class

5. Holy Roman Empire No/little army, revenues, working govt No/little army, revenues, working govt Voltaire: it is neither holy, Roman, nor an empire. Voltaire: it is neither holy, Roman, nor an empire. Ruined by Reformation Ruined by Reformation

6. Republic of Poland Very large = 1000 miles long = hard to administer Very large = 1000 miles long = hard to administer Aristocracy wouldnt allow absolutism Aristocracy wouldnt allow absolutism But didnt create effective const. or parliament But didnt create effective const. or parliament Szlachta: Polish aristocracy = 89% Szlachta: Polish aristocracy = 89% Seen as form of democracy-leery of central govt Seen as form of democracy-leery of central govt Govt in shambles Govt in shambles King of Pol: no army, no courts, no officials, on income, nobility paid no taxes King of Pol: no army, no courts, no officials, on income, nobility paid no taxes

7. Republic of Poland Cont. 18th Cent. largest European state 18th Cent. largest European state Old political structure failed to devel. modern form of govt Old political structure failed to devel. modern form of govt Deep anarchy & confusion Deep anarchy & confusion Hold Royal elections but internatl interference Hold Royal elections but internatl interference Poland Partitioned in 1772: Russia, Austria, & Prussia took slices Poland Partitioned in 1772: Russia, Austria, & Prussia took slices

8. Rise of Austria Fall of Powers Fall of Powers HRE & Spain collapse after 30 Years War HRE & Spain collapse after 30 Years War Austria now able to form own empire Austria now able to form own empire Kingdoms of Austria Kingdoms of Austria Held together by Austrian Habsburg dynasty Held together by Austrian Habsburg dynasty During 30 Yrs War pushed out Prot. & reconquered & recatholicized Bohemia During 30 Yrs War pushed out Prot. & reconquered & recatholicized Bohemia Also conquered Hungary Also conquered Hungary

9. Rise of Austria Cont. Turks Turks 1526 Turks in Hungary & many yrs of fighting 1526 Turks in Hungary & many yrs of fighting 1683 siege Vienna 1683 siege Vienna w/ aid from Pope Innocent XI turn Turks away led by Prince Eugene of Savoy w/ aid from Pope Innocent XI turn Turks away led by Prince Eugene of Savoy Prince Eugene of Savoy Prince Eugene of Savoy Founder of modern Austrian state Founder of modern Austrian state Military & state commander Military & state commander 1697 Turks out of Hungary = Peace of Karlowitz 1699 get most of Hungary 1697 Turks out of Hungary = Peace of Karlowitz 1699 get most of Hungary

10. Rise of Prussia German States German States $ Gone after the war $ Gone after the war Fell behind the rest of Europe Fell behind the rest of Europe Not much of a Burgher class Not much of a Burgher class Laws different throughout Germany Laws different throughout Germany Calendar varied Calendar varied Science & learning non-existent Science & learning non-existent Art & Lit. Art & Lit. Each state had sovereignty w/ emperor over them Each state had sovereignty w/ emperor over them

11. 300 States Some independence Some independence Electors elect Emperor Electors elect Emperor Golden Bull 1356: 7 electors; wanted to preserve German liberties Golden Bull 1356: 7 electors; wanted to preserve German liberties Germanic liberties = state control over empire control Germanic liberties = state control over empire control After 30 Yrs War German states would not allow any authority of imperial diet (diet=power to raise troops & taxes for whole empire) After 30 Yrs War German states would not allow any authority of imperial diet (diet=power to raise troops & taxes for whole empire) Religion: both Prot. & Cath. demand right of setting apart = chamber Religion: both Prot. & Cath. demand right of setting apart = chamber Each religion had a veto in chamber Each religion had a veto in chamber

12. 300 States States didnt want empire to take away liberties but didnt give ind. Rights w/in own states = almost oligarchy States didnt want empire to take away liberties but didnt give ind. Rights w/in own states = almost oligarchy After Peace of Westphalia After Peace of Westphalia Absolute monarchies building over subjects Absolute monarchies building over subjects People gain high pol. position People gain high pol. position ~ 1700 Prussia & Austria on own ~ 1700 Prussia & Austria on own

13. Westernization of Russia Not Part of Europeanization: Not Part of Europeanization: Greek Orthodox Church: Constantinople influence not Rome Greek Orthodox Church: Constantinople influence not Rome Mongol invasions & conquests: 250 yrs kept Asiatic influence until 1480 when Ivan III defeated them Mongol invasions & conquests: 250 yrs kept Asiatic influence until 1480 when Ivan III defeated them Geography: Very little warm water outlets; hard for communication & commerce Geography: Very little warm water outlets; hard for communication & commerce

14. Ivan the Terrible 1533- 1584 1st grand duke of Muscovy & 1st to take title of tsar 1st grand duke of Muscovy & 1st to take title of tsar Saw what was going on in Poland & didnt want it to happen in Russia Saw what was going on in Poland & didnt want it to happen in Russia After his death Time of Troubles 1598-1613 because he left no heir After his death Time of Troubles 1598-1613 because he left no heir

15. Time of Troubles 1598- 1613 Nobles elected a # of tsars & wanted certain assurances Nobles elected a # of tsars & wanted certain assurances Country going through almost like 30 yrs war Country going through almost like 30 yrs war 1613 natl assembly elected 16 yr old boy to rule, hope no connection w/ warring parties 1613 natl assembly elected 16 yr old boy to rule, hope no connection w/ warring parties

16. Michael Romanov Ivan Terribles grandnephew Ivan Terribles grandnephew Began Romanov dynasty that lasted until 1917 Began Romanov dynasty that lasted until 1917 Early on saw problems w/ elected monarchy Early on saw problems w/ elected monarchy Start repressing representing groups eventually to set up abs. monarchies Start repressing representing groups eventually to set up abs. monarchies

17. Russian Peasantry Land abundant, labor shortage Land abundant, labor shortage People moving around People moving around Landlords wanted to make sure had labor force Landlords wanted to make sure had labor force Serfs tied to land=loss of freedom to move Serfs tied to land=loss of freedom to move Many rebellions – see text for information Many rebellions – see text for information Results of rebellions-tightened control on serfs Results of rebellions-tightened control on serfs

18. Peter the Great Westernization of Russia social as well as political change that occurred very quickly Westernization of Russia social as well as political change that occurred very quickly Had relations w/ Europe for some time Had relations w/ Europe for some time 1697-1698 went to Europe & recruited ~1000 experts for service in Russia 1697-1698 went to Europe & recruited ~1000 experts for service in Russia Peters Master Plan: wanted to create army that could stand up to those of West Peters Master Plan: wanted to create army that could stand up to those of West Wanted to hold off Poles, Swedes, Turks, from coming into Russia Wanted to hold off Poles, Swedes, Turks, from coming into Russia Expand to get seaports: warm-water ports on Baltic & Black Seas Expand to get seaports: warm-water ports on Baltic & Black Seas

19. Peter the Great - Internal Changes Needed $ w/ many changes Needed $ w/ many changes Taxes imposed on everything (land, hats, right to wear a beard & to marry) Taxes imposed on everything (land, hats, right to wear a beard & to marry) Taxes fell on peasants Taxes fell on peasants Mobility restricted more-again Mobility restricted more-again Used Colberts ideas of mercantilism Used Colberts ideas of mercantilism Encouraged exports, built fleet, & increased textile & metallurgy Encouraged exports, built fleet, & increased textile & metallurgy Increased commercial companies Increased commercial companies Serfdom now industrial as well as agricultural Serfdom now industrial as well as agricultural Economic system under tsar control - no private enterprise Economic system under tsar control - no private enterprise

20. Results of Peter Set things up very quickly: some accepted, others rejected the ideas Set things up very quickly: some accepted, others rejected the ideas Put own son to death b/c going to slow down the changes he had made Put own son to death b/c going to slow down the changes he had made After his death some turmoil After his death some turmoil He did try to enforce a whole new (western) culture on Russia – peasants not reached He did try to enforce a whole new (western) culture on Russia – peasants not reached

21. Peter the Great