2. Section 4.2 towns located by rivers

3. 4.2 Improved farming methods and the revival of trade contributed to the growth of towns.

4. 4. 2,. In some places, towns struggled violently to become independent
4.2, . In some places, towns struggled violently to become independent. In others, the town leaders purchased a charter which gave them the right to govern themselves.

5. 4.3, Guilds were organizations of people who practiced the same craft or trade. They were set up to make sure their members were treated fairly and produced quality goods.

6. 4.3, Guilds provided them with money and food in times of need.

7. 4.4, Early in the Middle Ages, people traded in luxury goods, which only the wealthy could afford. Later, more local people were trading more and more kinds of goods, including everyday items such as food and clothing.

8. 4.4, Merchants became wealthy and powerful by selling a variety of goods from faraway lands, dominating the town’s business life, and joining town councils.

9. 4.4, Because of religious prejudice and hostility, Jews found it hard to earn a living by farming, and sometimes they were the victims of violence. Rulers took their property at will. One opportunity open to Jews was banking and money lending.

10. 4.5, Most homes in medieval towns were small, crowded, and built of wood. The homes of the wealthy were much larger.

11. 4. 5, Almost half of all children died
4.5, Almost half of all children died. Those who survived began preparing for their adult roles at age seven.

12. 4.5, Most girls were educated at home in cooking, cloth making, and others skills for running a home. They typically married young and began raising children soon after. Only girls from wealthy families had an opportunity to learn how to paint or read music.

13. 4. 6, Towns were very dirty places with no running water
4.6, Towns were very dirty places with no running water. Garbage and wastes were tossed in the streets. People lived in small crowded spaces. Rats and fleas were common and carried diseases.

14. 4.6, . Some common diseases in medieval Europe were measles, cholera, scarlet fever, and bubonic plague. 3. Medieval doctors used prayer, magic, and herbal medicines. Bloodletting, including the use of leeches, was also popular.

15. 4.7, Two methods were trial by ordeal, in which the accused had to pass a dangerous test, and trial by combat, in which the accused had to fight to prove his or her innocence, or could have someone fight for him or her.

16. 4.7, . Fines and the stocks were used to punish those found guilty of minor crimes. Those convicted of more serious crimes could be hanged or burned at the stake.

17. 4. 7, Monarchs began setting up a system of royal courts
4.7, Monarchs began setting up a system of royal courts. This contributed to a growing body of common law. Both the independent judiciary and the new laws became a safeguard of individual rights and replaced trial by ordeal and combat.

18. 4.8, Children played with dolls and toys, such as wooden swords and hobbyhorses. They also rolled hoops and played badminton, lawn bowling, and blind man’s bluff.

19. 4. 8, Adults liked games such as chess, checkers, and backgammon
4.8, Adults liked games such as chess, checkers, and backgammon. Card games and dancing were also popular.

20. 4. 8,. Mystery plays re-created stories from the Bible
4.8, . Mystery plays re-created stories from the Bible. Miracle plays dramatized the lives of saints.

22. Ch.5.2, He insisted that a jury formally accuse a person of a serious crime. People were tried by royal judges and had to have a court trial. By strengthening the royal courts, he weakened the power of the feudal lords.

23. Ch.5.2, A monarch could no longer collect special taxes without the consent of nobles and Church officials. No “free man” could be jailed except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. It also introduced the idea that not even the monarch was above the law.

24. 5.2, It was an English governing body created by Edward I that included commoners, lower ranking clergy, Church officials, and nobles. It was intended to include more people in government.

25. 5.2, Political Events: Magna Carta limited the power of English monarchs and affirmed that monarchs should rule with the advice of the governed; Henry II’s legal reforms strengthened common law, judges, and juries; and Edward I’s Model Parliament gave a voice to some common people.

26. 5.3, The term probably came from the black-and blue spots, or buboes, that appeared on the skin of many victims. Symptoms included fever, vomiting, coughing and sneezing, and swelling. The bacteria that caused the plague were spread by fleas. The dirty conditions of the time significantly contributed to the spread of the disease.

27. 5.3, Bubonic Plague: Power shifted a bit from nobles to common people because, since so many workers had died, the few who remained could demand higher pay and more rights; serfs abandoned feudal manors and moved to towns and cities, seeking better opportunities; peasant revolts also occurred when nobles tried to return things to the way they had been.

28. 5.4, The war began when the king of France challenged England’s claim to French fiefs. 2. The English army relied on archers armed with longbows. Arrows fired from longbows flew farther, faster, and more accurately than those fired from French crossbows.

29. 5.4, Joan of Arc was a 17-year-old peasant girl who claimed she heard the voices of saints urging her to save France. She led a French army to victory in a battle. Her actions inspired many French people to feel more strongly about their king and nation.

30. 5.4, Hundred Years’ War: The war shifted power from lords to monarchs and common people; military technology used in the war made knights and castles less important; a new feeling of nationalism helped to shift power away from lords and toward monarchs and commoners; peasants who survived the war were more in demand as soldiers and workers and therefore had greater power.