1. CHAPTER 11
WORLD WAR I

2. WORLD WAR I BEGINS

3. CAUSES
Nationalism = a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
Germany
Serbia
Germans are becoming powerful and ethnic Serbs live in Austria-Hungarian Empire that Russia wants to protect

4. Imperialism
Colonies supplied European nations with raw materials and markets
Germany
Germany is competing with France and G. Britian

5. Militarism
Militarism = the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy
Germany starts the naval arms race
To compete with G. Britain

6. Alliance System Triple Entente (Allies) = France, Britain, Russia
Triple Alliance = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy -> become Central Powers when Ottoman Empire replaces Italy
1907 – alliances provided a measure of international security because nations did not want to disturb the balance of power

7. An Assassination Leads to War
June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Bosnia
Austria declares war on Serbia
Russia supports Serbia -> Germany declares war on Russia and then on Russia’s ally (France)
Germany invades Belgium -> Britain declares war on Germany and Austria
Ethnic rivalries -> Russia wants access to the Mediterranean, Germans want a railway link to the Ottoman Empire, Serbia and Austria are fighting for Bosnia

8. Type of Warfare Trench Warfare “No man’s land”
Schlieffen Plan involves the Germans invading France through Belgium but the Allies stop them in France and both sides dig trenches after both sides struggle to win decisive battles

9. Americans Question Neutrality
Pacifists = war is evil
Naturalized citizens had ties to Germany and Ireland
Common ancestry and language = ties with Britian
Socialists criticized capitalists/imperialist struggle to control markets in China, Africa, M. East
Parents did not want children to die
Germany portrayed as a bully
Americans traded more with Britain and France

10. The War Hits Home British blockades coast of Germany
750,000 Germans died of starvation
Germany responds by sending U-boats to British waters
British ship, the Lusitania,
is sunk and 128 Americans
die
U.S. needs Allies to repay debts so they mobilize for war (they need them to win)

11. The U.S. Declares War
Pres. Wilson wins reelection in 1916 by keeping the U.S. out of war
He tries to organize a peace agreement
Germany announces plan to sink all ships (hostile or neutral) in British waters on sight
Zimmermann note = German telegram – Germany will help Mexico recover territory in the U.S.
4 unarmed American merchant ships are sunk
Russia replaces repressive monarchy with a democracy -> war of democracies vs. brutal monarchies
April 1917 – Congress approves declaration of war

12. Assignment
1. List the four major causes of the war and explain which one you think was the most significant.
2. Why were America’s ties with the Allies stronger than its ties with the Central Powers?
3. Do you think Germany was right for increasing its U-boat attacks in 1917?
4. Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war?
Naturalized citizens, socialists, pacifists, parents
5. Why does the U.S. eventually join the war?

13. Section 2: American Power Tips the Balance

14. America Mobilizes Selective Service Act (1917)
Men had to register with the govt. and could be randomly selected for military
Shipyard workers receive “deferred” classification
Parts of ships were assembled at the shipyard -> in one day 95 ships were built
Govt. took over commercial and private ships
24 million registered, 2 million reached Europe, 1.5 million fought
13,000 women accept noncombat positions

15. 1. In what way does this photograph show men being turned into soldiers?
2. How do you think military training made these men feel about joining the armed forces?
3. How do you think they would have reacted to the “I Want you” poster?

16. 400,000 African Americans
served in the armed forces
Segregated units
Mostly non-combat units

17. America Turns the Tide Convoy System > U-boats
U.S. Navy sets up 230-mile barrier of mines
Only 637 of 2 million Americans die traveling to Europe

18. Fighting in Europe 2.5 years of fighting in trenches for the Allies
The Allies are exhausted and demoralized
WHAT DO THEY NEED?

20. American Expeditionary Force
John J. Pershing
Infantry men called doughboys
Small town boys impressed by Paris

21. New Weapons
Mechanized warfare = machines powered by gasoline or diesel

22. The War Introduces New Hazards
Dysentery
Poisonous gas
Lack of sleep
“Shell shock” ---- (PTSD)
Trench foot

23. American Troops Go on the Offensive
Americans stop the Germans 5o miles from Paris
Then go on the attack
Alvin York – conscientious objector (a person who opposes warfare on moral grounds) turns into war hero -> kills 25 Germans and captures 132

24. The Collapse of Germany
1918 – Austria – Hungary surrender to the Allies
German sailors mutinied
Exhausted
Armistice – truce – 11/11/1918

25. The Final Toll 22 million died -> ½ civilians 20 million wounded
10 million became refugees
$338 billion = cost of the war
U.S. lost 48,000 men in battle -> 62,000 died of disease
200,000 Americans wounded

26. The United States used the __________ _________ to protect its ships from the German U-boats.
The ___________ _____________ ______________ required men to register for ____________ service.
Mechanized warfare included _______________ and _____________ .

27. Assignment
Read pp and complete Guided Reading for Ch. 11 Section 3

28. Assignment Describe how the United States mobilized for the war.
Summarize U.S. battlefield successes.
Identify the new weapons and the medical problems faced in World War I.
Describe U.S. offensives and the end of war.
You do not need to copy the questions, but make sure to reference the question in your response. Complete sentences are necessary.

29. Discussion – Sedition in WWI (Reading Like a Historian)
What does patriotism mean to you?
Do you think it’s important for people to be patriotic?
Is it patriotic or anti-American to criticize the U.S. government?

30. Central Question
Were critics of WWI anti-American?

31. Public Opinion Was Divided
Socialists, Christian pacifists, anarchists, women’s groups, unionists, intellectuals opposed the war
War is immoral, war helps the capitalists
What about the Zimmerman telegram and sinking of Lusitania?

32. Wilson – “He kept us out of war” (1916)
Unrestricted submarine warfare = American ships are sunk
U.S. declares war in 1917
Wilson established the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 = suppressed anti-British, pro-German, anti-war opinions
1,500 people were prosecuted and over 1,000 convicted

33. Discussion
What did President Wilson do to promote nationalism and restrict dissent during WWI?
Do you think these were necessary decisions? Why or why not?

34. Document C
Do you think Debs and Schenck broke the law?

35. Document D
What does this ruling say?
Do you agree with the ruling?

36. Section 3: The War at Home

37. Journal
During times of war should the government and/or president be given more power? Why or why not?

38. Congress Gives Power to Wilson
Entire economy has to be focused on the war
Power of government is expanded
War Industries Board (WIB) is created (1917)
Mass production techniques
Price controls
“gasless Sundays”
“lightless nights”

39. War Economy Hourly wages rise for metal workers
Owners of industries make money -> dangerous conditions and child labor -> increase in union membership and strikes
National War Labor Board settles disputes between management and labor -> safety inspections, 8-hour work day

40. Food Administration
One day a week was “meatless,” wheatless,” “sweetless”

41. Selling the War U.S. raises $35 billion
Taxes – progressive income tax, higher tax on tobacco, liquor, luxury goods

42. “The Rape of Belgium” by German soldiers
How did this poster encourage Americans to buy liberty bonds?

43. Committee on Public Information
U.S.’s first propaganda agency – biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions
Distributed copies of Wilson’s war message
75,000 men serve as “Four-Minute Men”

44. “Over There” by George Cohan
Why do you think this song was used as a marching song?
Why did it motivate people to give money for the war effort?

45. Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase
2 million Americans had been born in Germany
Some lost jobs
Orchestras did not play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven
German-born miner is lynched in Illinois

47. Dachshunds or “liberty pups”

48. Espionage (1917) and Sedition Acts (1918)
$10,000 fine and 20 year prison sentence for interfering with the war effort
Newspapers lost mailing privileges
Professors fired
Unions demanded better working conditions
Govt. silenced ideas

49. African Americans and the War
W.E.B. Dubois believed if blacks supported the war their conditions would improve in America
Job opportunities and political power in North + racial discrimination and floods in the South lead to the Great Migration -> hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks move to the North
African American migrants leads to overcrowding and racial tension in cities

50. The Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence

51. Journal
Think about the race riots of 1917 and How do these events relate to race relations today?
19 left to 12 left
24.30 – 31.30

52. Women in the War
Jobs for women during the war = railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, bricklayers
Increased support for their right to vote

53. The Flu Epidemic Fall of 1918 – affects ¼ of the U.S. pop.
Fines and factories are shut down
Spreads even faster among soldiers
500,000 Americans die
30 million world wide

54. Assignment
1. Did the Espionage and Sedition Acts affect freedom of speech? How?
2. Why were union leaders targeted by the government?
3. How did the lives of American women improve during WWI?
Govt silenced ideas that challenged its authority
Demanded better working conditions even during war crisis
Increased support for women’s right to vote

55. Section 4: Wilson Fights for Peace

56. Fourteen Points 1. There should be no secret treaties
2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained
3. Tariffs and other economic barriers should be lowered
4. Arms should be reduced
5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples
6-13 = boundary changes for a nation according to ethnicity
14th = League of Nations = international organization that discusses issues rather than going to war

57. The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan
“Big Four” – Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (Britain), Orlando (Italy) worked out plan
14th Point is kept
Absent: Russia, Central Powers

58. Debating the Treaty of Versailles
New nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
No army for Germany
Reparations (war damages) = $33 billion must be given to the Allies
War guilt cause = Forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting the war
Germany stripped of colonial possessions and land
Germany feels humiliated -> leads to WWII

59. Debating the Treaty of Versailles
Too harsh
Some Americans did not want the League of Nations to influence American foreign policy
U.S. does not join the League