1. 2.1 Surface anatomy 2.2 Anterior abdominal wall
Abdomen 1
2.1 Surface anatomy 2.2 Anterior abdominal wall
Albert van Schoor
GNK 288 (SA4 Anatomy dissection)

2. 2.1.1 Surface anatomy
Identify and name the bony landmarks of the abdomen which are palpable on abdominal examination and state if possible their corresponding vertebral heights on the cadaver, yourself and on a radiograph
Schematically illustrate and discuss the nine abdominal regions and list which organs lie approximately in each region

3. 2.1.1 Surface Anatomy

4. 2.1.1 Surface anatomy
Identify and name in which of the nine surface anatomical regions you would expect to feel tenderness in appendicitis, cholecystitis, gastritis and cystitis
Identify other surface anatomy lines e.g. transpyloric line, transumbilical line, linea alba and linea semilunaris. You should be able to say how these lines are formed and to discuss the intra-abdominal events occurring on the transpyloric line

5. 2.1.1 Surface Anatomy
Referred pain

6. 2.1.1 Surface Anatomy

7. 2.1.1 Surface Anatomy

8. 2.1.1 Surface Anatomy

9. Transpyloric plane Hilum of the kidneys Pylorus of the stomach
2.1.1 Surface Anatomy
Transpyloric plane
Hilum of the kidneys
Pylorus of the stomach
Body of pancreas
Fundus of the gall bladder

10. 2.1.1 Surface Anatomy

11. 2.1.1 Surface anatomy
Schematically illustrate and discuss the surface anatomy of the kidneys, ureters and spleen on the posterior abdominal wall [2.5, 2.8]
Discuss and identify the surface anatomy of the liver [2.4]
Briefly discuss the surface anatomy of the diaphragm and the vertebral heights of its three major orifices [2.9]
Identify the various dermatomes of the anterior abdominal wall
Indicate whether the bladder is an abdominal organ or not. Explain

12. 2.1.1 Surface Anatomy

13. 2.2 Anterior abdominal wall
Skin and superficial fascia
Muscles
Transversalis fascia
Peritoneum
Rectus sheath
Inguinal area
Osteology

14. 2.2.1 Skin and superficial fascia
Identify the fatty superficial layer (Camper's fascia)
Identify and shortly discuss the membranous superficial layer (Scarpa's fascia) according to its distribution and borders. State what this fascia is called inferior to the superficial inguinal ring

15. 2.2.2 Muscles
Identify and discuss the three major abdominal muscles as follows:
Major attachments to the following points: Linea alba, crista iliaca and inguinal ligament where applicable,
Direction of fibres,
Nerve supply and
Function
Identify the neurovascular plane
Identify the ilio-inguinal and iliohypogastric nerves. Also state their origin and area of supply

16. External oblique Origin Insertion Innervation Function Table
2.2.2 Muscles
External oblique
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Function
Muscular slips from the outer surfaces of the lower eight ribs (ribs 5-12)
Lateral lip of iliac crest; aponeurosis ending in midline raphe (linea alba)
Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)
Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle bends trunk to same side, turning anterior part of abdomen to opposite side
Table

17. Internal oblique Origin Insertion Innervation Function
2.2.2 Muscles
Internal oblique
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Function
Thoracolumbar fascia; iliac crest between origins of external and transversus; lateral two-thirds of inguinal ligament
Inferior border of the lower three or four ribs; aponeurosis ending in linea alba; pubic crest and pectineal line
Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1
See External Oblique

18. Transverse abdominis Origin Insertion Innervation Function
2.2.2 Muscles
Transverse abdominis
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Function
Thoracolumbar fascia; medial lip of iliac crest; lateral one-third of inguinal ligament; costal cartilages lower six ribs (ribs 7-12)
Aponeurosis ending in linea alba; pubic crest and pectineal line
Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1
Compress abdominal contents

19. 2.2.2 Muscles
Neurovascular plane
Ant
Post

20. 2.2.3 Transversalis fascia
Identify the transversalis fascia

21. 2.2.4 Peritoneum
Identify the folds and associated underlying structures of the peritoneum on the posterior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall: [2.3.3]
Plica umbilicalis mediana,
Plica umbilicalis medialis,
Plica umbilicalis lateralis,
Falciform ligament

22. 2.2.5 Rectus sheath
Identify the rectus sheath and how it is formed on the following levels:
Superior to the arcuate line
Inferior to the arcuate line 
Identify and briefly discuss rectus abdominis as follows:
major attachments,
nerve supply and
function
Name and identify the structures on the posterior wall of the rectus sheath

23. 2.2.5 Rectus sheath

24. Rectus abdominis Origin Insertion Innervation Function
2.2.5 Rectus sheath
Rectus abdominis
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Function
Pubic crest, pubic tubercle, and pubic symphysis
Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7; xiphoid process
Anterior rami of lower seven thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)
Compress abdominal contents; flex vertebral column; tense abdominal wall

25. 2.2.6 Inguinal area
Identify and briefly discuss the inguinal canal as follows:
Surface anatomy,
Borders,
Openings

26. Inguinal canal Surface anatomy
2.2.6 Inguinal area
Inguinal canal Surface anatomy

27. Indirect inguinal hernia
2.2.6 Inguinal area
Indirect inguinal hernia

28. Inguinal canal Borders
2.2.6 Inguinal area
Inguinal canal Borders
491-8

29. 2.2.6 Inguinal area
Know the positions of the superficial and deep inguinal rings and femoral canal.
Identify the inguinal ligament and the structures posterior to it from lateral to medial.

30. 2.2.6 Inguinal area
Femoral canal
Ant
Post

31. 2.2.6 Inguinal area
Femoral hernia

32. N.A.V.E.L N A V E L Contents N.A.V.E.L (lat. - med.) Femoral nerve
2.2.6 Inguinal area
N.A.V.E.L
Contents
N.A.V.E.L (lat. - med.)
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Empty space (femoral canal)
Lacunar ligament N A V E L

33. 2.2.6 Inguinal area
List the contents of the spermatic cord. Compare the content in males and females
Identify the inferior epigastric artery and its relation to the deep inguinal ring
Identify and list the borders of the inguinal triangle (Hesselbach's triangle)
Name and identify the inguinal falx (conjoint tendon)

34. Spermatic cord 3 Fascia layers 3 Arteries 3 Nerves 3 Other structures
2.2.6 Inguinal area
Spermatic cord
3 Fascia layers
External spermatic fascia
Cremasteric fascia
Internal speratic fascia
3 Arteries
Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery
Artery to ductus deferens
3 Nerves
Genito-femoral nerve
Ilio-inguinal nerve
Sympathetic autonomic plexus
3 Other structures
Lymphatic vessels
Ductus deferens
Pampiniform venous plexus

35. 2.2.6 Inguinal area
Spermatic cord

36. Hesselbach’s triangle
2.2.6 Inguinal area
Hesselbach’s triangle

37. Direct inguinal hernia
2.2.6 Inguinal area
Direct inguinal hernia

38. 2.2.6 Inguinal area
Conjoint tendon

39. 2.2.7 Osteology Identify the following bony points of the os coxa:
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
Crista iliaca
Posterior superior iliac spine (PIIS)
Pubic tubercle
Pubic crest
Symphysis pubis

40. 2.2.7 Osteology