2. Terrorism defined…  The calculated use of violence to instill fear, intended to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of a goal.

3. Goals of Terrorism  Political Terrorism  Religious Terrorism  Ideological Terrorism  Political Terrorism  Religious Terrorism  Ideological Terrorism

4. Political Terrorism  Focuses on governments. Usually the terrorists disagree with a government.

5. Examples Examples  World Trade Center & Pentagon bombings - 2001  USS Cole bombing in Yemen - 2000  U.S. Embassy attacks in Africa - 1998  World Trade Center Bombing - 1993  Bombing of U.S. Army Barracks in Beiruit, Lebanon - 1983  World Trade Center & Pentagon bombings - 2001  USS Cole bombing in Yemen - 2000  U.S. Embassy attacks in Africa - 1998  World Trade Center Bombing - 1993  Bombing of U.S. Army Barracks in Beiruit, Lebanon - 1983

7. Religious Terrorism  Groups feel that their religion is the one true religion and others are false. Focuses on attacking other religious groups or non-religious groups who they feel try to undermine theirs.

8. Examples  Middle East: Jews vs. Palestinians (Muslims)  Hostage Crisis at Munich Olympics - 1972  Ireland: Catholics vs. Protestants  Middle East: Jews vs. Palestinians (Muslims)  Hostage Crisis at Munich Olympics - 1972  Ireland: Catholics vs. Protestants

10. Ideological Terrorism  Focuses on Beliefs, theories, and aims of a particular group. People commit terrorist acts because of their belief in a certain cause.

11. Examples Examples  Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing - 1995  Killing of Abortion Doctors  Environmental Terrorism  Militia Groups - unofficial groups of armed civilians  Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing - 1995  Killing of Abortion Doctors  Environmental Terrorism  Militia Groups - unofficial groups of armed civilians

12. Oklahoma City Bombing

14. Most common methods used by Terrorists  Bombings  Armed Attacks  Assassinations  Kidnappings BBombings AArmed Attacks AAssassinations KKidnappings

15. Why do they commit acts of terror?  Rational Motivation  Actions --> Desired result  Psychological Motivation  Belief that their view is right  Need to belong  Justification of their own existence  To be a “martyr”  Rational Motivation  Actions --> Desired result  Psychological Motivation  Belief that their view is right  Need to belong  Justification of their own existence  To be a “martyr”  Cultural Motivation  Culture feels threat to existence  Deeply rooted values in place  Cultural Motivation  Culture feels threat to existence  Deeply rooted values in place

16. Major Terrorist Groups  Al-Qaeda: loosely knit group around world  Hamas: Palestinian group opposed to Israel  Hezbollah: Palestinian group opposed to Israel  PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization **Each of these groups are fighting a holy war or “jihad”  IRA: Irish Republican Army: Irish Catholic group whose aim is to get England out of Northern Ireland  Al-Qaeda: loosely knit group around world  Hamas: Palestinian group opposed to Israel  Hezbollah: Palestinian group opposed to Israel  PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization **Each of these groups are fighting a holy war or “jihad”  IRA: Irish Republican Army: Irish Catholic group whose aim is to get England out of Northern Ireland

17. Al-Qaeda Hamas

18. Hezbollah PLO

19. Irish Republican Army

20. Terrorism in the future  Higher levels of violence  Increased technological capabilities  More use of chemical & biological warfare  Chemical - toxins (mustard gas, nerve gas, etc)  Biological - anthrax, plague, small pox, ebola  Ecological Terrorism  I.e. blowing up dams, attacks on oil companies  Higher levels of violence  Increased technological capabilities  More use of chemical & biological warfare  Chemical - toxins (mustard gas, nerve gas, etc)  Biological - anthrax, plague, small pox, ebola  Ecological Terrorism  I.e. blowing up dams, attacks on oil companies