1. The Old Kingdom Chapter 4 section 2

2. Old Kingdom
Menses also known as Narmer (king of upper Egypt) led his armies into lower Egypt and married one of the princesses, uniting Egypt into 1 kingdom-
Menses was called Lord of Upper and Lower Egypt, Wearer of 2 Crowns, and Lord of the 2 Lands
His capital was Memphis which bordered both upper and lower Egypt

3. Old Kingdom
Menses wore a red and white crown to symbolize both united kingdoms
Was the first pharaoh of Egypt
Pharaoh means “The Great House”

4. Old Kingdom 2600 B.C. Old Kingdom established Kingdom lasted 500 years
During old kingdom- cities became centers of religion and government
Kings, priests, government officials, and artisans lived there

5. Old Kingdom
Some Egyptians lived along the Nile River on large estates.
A household was made up of the owner’s family, servants, and artisans
Artisans were hired to make things for the family like boats and weave linen cloth
Most were farmers who lived in villages within the estates

6. Old Kingdom Used sun-baked, mud bricks as building materials
Farmers worked in fields and tended cattle
Made repairs to roads, built monuments, and dug ditches

7. The Pharaohs
Pharaoh means Great House

8. The Pharaohs At first Egyptian rulers were called kings
Later they were called Pharaoh
The pharaoh was a ruler, a priest, and a god
He was at the center of Egyptian life- ruling on earth as gods ruled in heaven

9. The Pharaohs
The pharaoh owned all the land but he gave gifts of land to rich Egyptians and priests
He ordered dams, irrigation canals, and granaries (storage for grain for times of poor harvests or drought) be built

10. The Pharaohs He chose all government officials
He collected taxes from the people of Egypt
He was in charge of developing trade with other nations and his word was the law
Pharaohs were respected

11. The Pharaohs
Egyptians believed that everything that happened in Egypt depended on Pharaoh's actions
He carried out certain rituals- breaking the irrigation levees to let in the water to the land, drove a sacred bull around the capital city to bring the water level up, cut the first ripe grain

12. Pyramids

13. Pyramids Great tombs of the Pharaohs Constructed from 2650 – 1637 B.C.
The sun set in west, so they were built on the west bank of the Nile
Called “Houses of Eternity”
Designed to protect the pharaoh's body from floods, animals, and robbers

14. Pyramids
Egyptians believed the pharaoh should be happy in the afterlife.
Most were buried with their personal belongings of jewelry, food, clothing, weapons, and furniture
Walls inside the tombs were covered with picture writing that told the story of the pharaoh that was buried inside

15. Pyramids

16. Pyramids
Pyramids were built during the 3 months of year when Nile flooded
Made of granite and limestone blocks cut with copper tools
Stones were floated down the river and moved into place with ramps and human muscle power

17. Pyramids The Great Pyramid- Larger than an areas of 10 football fields
Made with 2 million stones weighing more than 2 ½ tons
Stones were placed so the laid closely together to appear to made of 1 single stone

18. Old Kingdom During Old Kingdom- Pharaoh was very powerful
Egypt grew in prosperity and power
Able to keep invaders out of Egypt
Expanded trade
Royal family starts to lose power after 4th dynasty and nobles and officials rise in power- political instability