1. Prologue: History and Approaches of Psychology

2. Crash Course Intro (10.54 mins) http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=vo4pMVb0R6M http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=vo4pMVb0R6M

3. Let’s Begin Do not expect to answer the ultimate questions of life……. Do not expect to answer the ultimate questions of life……. The study of psychology will help you understand why people feel, think, and act the way they do. The study of psychology will help you understand why people feel, think, and act the way they do.

4. History and Approaches: Chapter Objectives: By the end of this chapter, I will be able to: By the end of this chapter, I will be able to: Recognize how philosophical perspectives shaped the development of psychological thought. Recognize how philosophical perspectives shaped the development of psychological thought. Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior: Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior: — structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in the early years; — structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in the early years; — Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanism emerging later; — Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanism emerging later; — evolutionary, biological, and cognitive as more contemporary approaches. — evolutionary, biological, and cognitive as more contemporary approaches. Recognize the strengths and limitations of applying theories to explain behavior. Recognize the strengths and limitations of applying theories to explain behavior. Distinguish the different domains of psychology: Distinguish the different domains of psychology: — biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, experimental, human factors, industrial– organizational, personality, psychometric, and social. — biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, experimental, human factors, industrial– organizational, personality, psychometric, and social. Identify the major historical figures in psychology (e.g., Mary Whiton Calkins, Charles Darwin, Dorothea Dix, Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, William James, Ivan Pavlov, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, B. F. Skinner, Margaret Floy Washburn, John B. Watson, Wilhelm Wundt). Identify the major historical figures in psychology (e.g., Mary Whiton Calkins, Charles Darwin, Dorothea Dix, Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, William James, Ivan Pavlov, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, B. F. Skinner, Margaret Floy Washburn, John B. Watson, Wilhelm Wundt).

5. Chapter Objectives: Lesson 1: Define psychology and trace its historical development. Lesson 1: Define psychology and trace its historical development. Lesson 2: Explain how psychology’s different perspectives contribute to a complete view of the human form. Lesson 2: Explain how psychology’s different perspectives contribute to a complete view of the human form. Lesson 3: Identify the major subfields of psychology. Lesson 3: Identify the major subfields of psychology.

6. Lesson One: Objectives By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: 1. Recognize how philosophical perspectives shaped the development of psychological thought. 1. Recognize how philosophical perspectives shaped the development of psychological thought. 2. Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior: 2. Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior: 3. Identify the major historical figures in psychology 3. Identify the major historical figures in psychology

7. Lesson 1: Roots of Psychology What is psychology? Turn to someone next to you. Talk about some words that you think of when you think of the word psychology. What words did you come up with? Why did you pick those words?

8. History of Psychology: People have been studying human behavior for thousands of years. (Examples: Romans, Egyptians, Indians) This was good, but was not done in an organized manner. Psychology as a science has a very short history. Some scientists still call psychology a “soft” science.

9. Roots of Psychology: Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Let’s break down the definition Let’s break down the definition Behavior – Anything that you do that can be observed. Behavior – Anything that you do that can be observed. Mental Processes – Internal experiences such as: thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions. Mental Processes – Internal experiences such as: thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions. Systematic Study: Systematic collection and examination of data (empirical evidence) to support or disprove hypotheses (predictions) rather than depending on common sense. Systematic Study: Systematic collection and examination of data (empirical evidence) to support or disprove hypotheses (predictions) rather than depending on common sense.

10. Key Players in the History of Psychology: Roots of psychology can be traced back 2000 years ago to the early philosophers, biologists, and physiologists of ancient Greece. Hippocrates – Greek Physiologist that thought the mind or soul resided in the brain. He believed that it was not composed of a physical substance. This is called mind-body- dualism – seeing mind and body as two different things that interact.

11. Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of: 1. Philosophy and chemistry 2. Physiology and chemistry 3. Philosophy and physiology 4. Philosophy and physics

12. Today, psychology is defined as the: 1. Study of mental phenomenon 2. Study of conscious and unconscious activity 3. Study of Behavior 4. Science of behavior and mental processes

13. Key Players in the History of Psychology: Plato (350 B.C.) – Greek philosopher that believed that who we are and what we know are innate (inborn). Aristotle – Plato’s student believed that who we are and what we know are acquired from experience. (created) Q: What debate originated with these two different philosophies ?

14. Nature vs. Nurture Controversy: The debate about the extent to which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience is called the nature vs. nurture controversy. Nature: Certain elementary ideas are innate to the human mind; not gained through experience Men are born, not made

15. Nature vs. Nurture (cont.) Nurture: Anything that we know, we have learned through experience. Our mind is like a blank slate (tabula rasa; Locke) that the environment writes upon Men are made, not born Where do the Spartans fall into this nature vs. nurture controversy?

16. Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior? 1. The issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior 2. The issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior 3. The debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior 4. The debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate form of scientific study

17. Key Players in the History of Psychology: About 2000 yrs. later John Locke and Rene Descartes had a similar argument. John Locke – Believed that knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience. He coined the term “tabula rasa” – blank slate. “The mind is like a blank slate in which the environment writes upon.” Rene Descartes – Believed that what we know is innate. Focused much of his research on how the nervous system responds “I think therefore I am.”

18. Book Check Question Q: Who is considered the founder of modern science? A: Francis Bacon

19. The 17 th century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is: 1. Plato 2. Aristotle 3. Descartes 4. Locke

20. The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was: 1. Aristotle 2. Plato 3. Descartes 4. Simonides

21. Lesson Two: Objectives By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: 1. Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior: 1. Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior: — structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in the early years; — structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in the early years; — Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanism emerging later; — Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanism emerging later; — evolutionary, biological, and cognitive as more contemporary approaches. — evolutionary, biological, and cognitive as more contemporary approaches. 2. Recognize the strengths and limitations of applying theories to explain behavior. 2. Recognize the strengths and limitations of applying theories to explain behavior.

22. Psychology Becomes a Science Despite Descartes arguments and scientific breakthroughs at the time, psychology didn’t become a recognized science until the mid 1800s. Despite Descartes arguments and scientific breakthroughs at the time, psychology didn’t become a recognized science until the mid 1800s.

23. Waves of Psychology The science of psychology has gone through several waves since it started. The science of psychology has gone through several waves since it started. Waves are different ways of thinking over time. Waves are different ways of thinking over time.

24. Lesson Two: Approaches and Schools of Psychology: Not all psychologists look at psychology the same way. Some believe that you are who you are purely because of your genetics. Some believe that experiences play a much bigger factor. Psychology is a broad field that aims to answer questions from many different perspectives. We are going to look at the different schools and approaches to psychology. But first….. A quick poll to wake you up!

25. Lesson 2: Approaches and Schools of Psychology: By the late 1800’s, psychology was beginning to emerge as a separate scientific discipline. Biologist Charles Darwin came up with the theory of natural selection. Psychology branched into two schools of psychology (structuralism and functionalism) and from there several approaches to psychology.

26. Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Wundt – Credited as the founder of scientific psychology because in 1879 (psych’s official b- day) he set up a research laboratory in Germany. The lab was dedicated to the scientific study of conscious experiences and sensations. Introspection – the process of looking inward to identify how one feels, thinks, or acts. he replicated his studies in different conditions with similar results. Wundt helped found the School of Structuralism which aimed to focus on the structure of the mind and identify the basic elements of consciousness.

27. Stanley Hall Studied under Wundt Studied under Wundt 1884 – established 1 st research lab @ John Hopkins 1884 – established 1 st research lab @ John Hopkins 1883 – created first American journal 1883 – created first American journal 1892 – 1 st APA president 1892 – 1 st APA president APA today APA today World’s largest org. devoted to advancement of psychology World’s largest org. devoted to advancement of psychology 155,000 members 155,000 members

28. Book Check Question Q: Who is considered to 1 st to introduce structuralism? (hint) he was a student of Wundt) A: Edward Bradford Titchener Q: Who was a good friend of Titchener? (hint) He is probably best know for authoring the Chronicles of Narnia.) A: C. S. Lewis

29. C. S. Lewis Titchener

30. Functionalism: William James William James was a psychologist that felt that Wundt was asking the wrong questions. James was more interested in the function or purpose of behavioral acts. School of Functionalism – Researchers that focused on how we adapt to our environments. (stream of consciousness) Main Goal: Explain human behavior Also wrote first psychology textbook

31. The parts of the functionalist view of psychology Functionalism

32. Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) Studied under James Studied under James Was refused the Ph.D. she earned from Harvard because she was female Was refused the Ph.D. she earned from Harvard because she was female Invented widely used tech for studying memory Invented widely used tech for studying memory 1 st APA woman president (1905) 1 st APA woman president (1905) Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) 1 st PhD in Psych for Women 1 st PhD in Psych for Women Wrote “The Animal Mind” (1908) Wrote “The Animal Mind” (1908) Served as beginning of behaviorism Served as beginning of behaviorism 2 nd woman APA president 2 nd woman APA president Women in Field

33.  Leta Stretter Hollingworth (1886-1939) ◦ Pioneered work in  Adolescent development  Mental Retardation  Gifted children  1 st to use word “gifted” to describe children who scored exceptionally well on intelligence tests  Tried to invalidate certain theories of her time  Women are inferior to men  Currently, women account for 2/3 or more of new psych Ph.D.s earned today  Eventually theory of functionalism led to development of behaviorism & applied science Women in Field

34. Book Check Question Q: William James was the 1 st to admit a woman to his course of study at Harvard. What was the name of the woman he allowed to study psychology? A: Mary Whiton Calkins Q: What did Harvard deny Ms. Calkins? A: Her Ph.D.; later awarded it posthumously

35. This German philosopher and psychologist was the first to set up a laboratory to gather empirical data related to psychology. 1. Wundt, 1879 2. James, 1890 3. Freud, 1900 4. Watson, 1913 5. Wertheimer, 1950

36. Psychology Today Psychology today arises from several perspectives: Psychology today arises from several perspectives: Biological Biological Evolutionary Evolutionary Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Behavioral Behavioral Gestalt Gestalt Humanistic Humanistic Developmental Developmental Cognitive Cognitive Sociocultural Sociocultural Trait views Trait views Eclectic Eclectic

37. Approaches to Psychology: Biological Biological Approach – Examines how complex chemical and biological processes within the nervous and endocrine systems are related to the behavior of organisms. Much research is being done today using this approach – Brain based research.

38. Approaches to Psychology: Evolutionary Approaches to Psychology: Evolutionary Evolutionary Approach – Attempts to explain behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected to increase reproductive success. This approach uses Darwin’s theory of natural selection as a basis. Darwin wrote Origin of Species.

39. Approaches to Psychology: Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic Psychoanalytic Approach – Focuses on unconscious internal conflicts to explain mental disorders, personality, and motivation. Sigmund Freud developed this approach and focused on unconscious desires (Freudian slips, life and death instincts, libido, early life experiences. Psychodynamic Approach – Those that varied Freud’s ideas but kept with the roots of psychoanalysis.

40. Book Check Question Q: What is a Freudian Slip? A: Allowing you subconscious mind to speak your true feelings. Q: Can you give an example of a Freudian slip?

41. Approaches to Psychology: Behavioral Behavioral Approach – Focuses on measuring and recording observable behavior. (behavior results from learning) Pavlov and his dogs, Watson and Baby Albert, Skinner and his rats. (rewards, punishments, and associations) All these men believed that psychology should be the science of behavior.

42. In psychology, “behavior” is best defined as: 1. Anything a person says, does, or feels 2. Any action we can observe and record 3. Any action, whether observable or not 4. Anything we can infer from a person’s actions 5. Sensations and Perceptions

43. This approach to psychology focuses on rewards, punishments, and associations. 1. Behavioral 2. Socio-Cultural 3. Neuroscience 4. Biological 5. Cognitive

44. This researcher used classical conditioning to make dogs salivate by the sound of a bell. 1. Skinner 2. Pavlov 3. Watson 4. Freud 5. Wundt

45. Approaches to Psychology: Gestalt Max Wertheimer – founded Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer – founded Gestalt Psychology The whole is more than the sum of it’s parts The whole is more than the sum of it’s parts Example: A beautiful painting Example: A beautiful painting A painting is more than just colors and line – its an experience A painting is more than just colors and line – its an experience So, each person has a completely different experience when viewing the world – must be sensitive to this during therapy. So, each person has a completely different experience when viewing the world – must be sensitive to this during therapy.

47. This may seem like one picture, but it can be perceived as 3 different faces. Can you find them?

48. More Images

49. Approaches to Psychology: Humanistic Humanistic Approach – Emphases the importance of people’s feelings and view human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking. Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs) and Carl Rogers (Unconditional Positive Regard) led the charge. This approach came out the 60’s and 70’s.

50. According to Maslow, these needs must be met before all others. 1. Safety 2. Self-actualizing 3. Love and Belongingness 4. Physiological 5. Esteem Needs

51. This Humanistic psychologist encouraged his clients to always focus on the positive. 1. Watson 2. Rogers 3. Skinner 4. Jung 5. Rogers

52. Approaches to Psychology: Developmental The developmental view emphasizes changes that occur across our lifespan. The developmental view emphasizes changes that occur across our lifespan. This is the question of nature vs. nurture. What has a bigger impact on us, heredity or environment? This is the question of nature vs. nurture. What has a bigger impact on us, heredity or environment?

53. Approaches to Psychology: Cognitive Cognitive Approach – Emphasizes the importance of receiving, storing, and processing information. It also focuses on thinking, reasoning, and using language to understand human behavior. Cognition – thinking and memory.

54. The way the mind processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of this approach to psychology: 1. Evolutionary 2. Biological 3. Socio-Cultural 4. Behavioral 5. Cognitive

55. Approaches to Psychology: Socio-cultural As time progressed more people were traveling and visiting other cultures. Psychologists soon recognized the difference in cultural gestures, body language, and spoken language. Socio-cultural Approach – Examines the cultural differences in an attempt to understand, predict, and control behavior.

56. A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working within this psychological perspective: 1. Behavioral 2. Evolutionary 3. Cognitive 4. Socio-Cultural 5. Eclectic

57. Approaches to Psychology: Trait View A psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics. A psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics. Accordingly, the view says that behavior results from each person’s unique combination of traits. Accordingly, the view says that behavior results from each person’s unique combination of traits. Ex. Introversion or extroversion vs. mood swings Ex. Introversion or extroversion vs. mood swings

58. Approaches to Psychology: Eclectic The most widely used psychological approach today is eclectic The most widely used psychological approach today is eclectic Eclectic – No one perspective can best explain all human behavior Eclectic – No one perspective can best explain all human behavior So…Eclectic psychologists use a combination of all the approaches So…Eclectic psychologists use a combination of all the approaches

59. Can you name all approaches to psychology? 1. Biological 2. Evolutionary 3. Psychoanalytic 4. Behavioral 5. Humanistic 6.Developmental 7.Cognitive 8.Socio-Cultural 9.Trait 10.Eclectic

60. Lesson Three: Objectives By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: 1. Distinguish the different domains of psychology: biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, experimental, human factors, industrial–organizational, personality, psychometric, and social. 1. Distinguish the different domains of psychology: biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, experimental, human factors, industrial–organizational, personality, psychometric, and social.

61. Lesson 3: Subfields of Psychology: Psychology is a broad field There are many jobs available with a psychology degree Historically though, this wasn’t always the case. Psychology saw a huge boom after World War II. Many opportunities arose in clinical and counseling psychology. In addition, school psychology started to become more popular as researchers data indicated that children perform better when they are taught using their respective learning style(s).

62. Subfields of Psychology: Clinical Psychologists – Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. (OCD, Schizophrenia) Counseling Psychologists – Help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle. (Analyze This) Developmental Psychologists – Study psychological development throughout a lifespan. (Piaget) Engineering Psychologists – Do research on how people function best with machines. (assembly lines)

63. Subfields of Psychology: Educational Psychologists – Focus on how effective teaching and learning take place. (consultants) Forensic Psychologists – Apply psychological principles to legal issues. (crimes) Health Psychologists – Concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors associated with health and illness. (hospitals) Industrial/Organizational Psychologists – Aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the workplace. (Panera)

64. Subfields of Psychology: Neuro-psychologists – Explore the relationship between brain/nervous systems and behavior. (Laboratory research) Psychometricians – Focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data. (research based) Rehabilitation Psychologists – Help clients with mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and disabilities resulting from neurological injury. (stroke) School Psychologists – Assess and counsel students, consult with educators and parents, and perform behavioral intervention when necessary.

65. Subfields of Psychology: Social Psychologists – Focus on how a person’s mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people. (can be workplace related) Sports Psychologists – Help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, increase motivation, and deal with anxiety and fear of failure. (Professional Athletes)

66. Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying how marketing effects human behavior? 1. Clinical 2. Personality 3. Engineering psychology 4. Industrial- Organizational 5. Counseling

67. Which of the following individuals is also a physician? 1. Clinical psychologist 2. Psychologist 3. Experimental psychologist 4. Psychiatrist 5. Developmental Psychologist

68. A person working within this subfield of psychology might work closely with their local police department to explain the behavior of a suspect. 1. Health Psychologist 2. Criminal Psychologist 3. Clinical Psychologist 4. Forensic Psychologist 5. Counseling Psychologist