1. 1861-1865 American Civil War

2. Confederacy v. Union South North

3. ConfederateUnion

4. Nicknames South: - Rebels- Confederates - Rebs.- Army of Northern VA - Johnny Reb (individual) North North: - Union- Army of the Potomac - Yankees- Lincoln Lovers - Billy Yank (individual)

6. - Larger population (22 million) - 90% of industrial goods (guns, ammo) - Efficient railroad system - Controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade southern ports used to blockade southern ports - Recruited slaves to serve in army (200,000) (200,000) - Control of DC & border states (martial law) Advantages of North

7. Confederates had more capable leaders (Lee, Jackson, Stuart, Forrest, etc.) Confederates had more capable leaders (Lee, Jackson, Stuart, Forrest, etc.) Defensive Strategy - (familiar w/climate and territory, close to supplies) Defensive Strategy - (familiar w/climate and territory, close to supplies) More desire/psychological advantage (fighting for self-govt.) More desire/psychological advantage (fighting for self-govt.) Profitable economy based on cotton exports Profitable economy based on cotton exports But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) Had to import industrial goods; Little munitions production (only 10% of factories) Had to import industrial goods; Little munitions production (only 10% of factories) Advantages of South

8. The South was looking for an additional advantage, namely an alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependent on the South's cotton). However..... The South was looking for an additional advantage, namely an alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependent on the South's cotton). However..... GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict was escalating; also found other sources (Madras, India, Indonesia) GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict was escalating; also found other sources (Madras, India, Indonesia) Job losses at cotton factories were replaced by jobs at munitions factories (for North) Job losses at cotton factories were replaced by jobs at munitions factories (for North) Most British citizens opposed slavery Most British citizens opposed slavery British crop failures had led to increased grain trade w/ North British crop failures had led to increased grain trade w/ North Impact: G.B. Remains neutral during war Impact: G.B. Remains neutral during war Great Britain....

9. The Monitor Technology in Civil War

10. More accurate cannons

11. Metal Ships

12. Gatling Gun

13. Factories & Munition Supplies

14. Quick Write: Plan for Victory Assume the role of a Northern general and develop a plan for victory Assume the role of a Northern general and develop a plan for victory Remember, you are fighting an offensive campaign to re-claim the south into the Union Remember, you are fighting an offensive campaign to re-claim the south into the Union

15. Scott's Anaconda Plan Union General Winfield Scott developed a 3-Pronged attack plan to defeat the South Union General Winfield Scott developed a 3-Pronged attack plan to defeat the South Plan was meant to weaken South while limiting Union casualties Plan was meant to weaken South while limiting Union casualties Involved both military & economic tactics Involved both military & economic tactics “Squeeze” the south “Squeeze” the south Timetable : 2-3 years Timetable : 2-3 years

16. Political Cartoon of Scott's Plan Political Cartoon of Scott's Plan - Northern Newspaper circa 1860 - Northern Newspaper circa 1860 Scott's Anaconda Plan

17. 1.) Blockade Southern Ports - cut off trade w/ Britain & foreign nations - prevents exports of cotton - severely weakens economy 1.) Blockade Southern Ports - cut off trade w/ Britain & foreign nations - prevents exports of cotton - severely weakens economy 2.) Attack from North - Union army attacks from Potomac River (via Virginia) 2.) Attack from North - Union army attacks from Potomac River (via Virginia) 3.) Control Mississippi River - cut off TX, AR, MO from Confederacy - prevent further cotton exports - launch second attack from West 3.) Control Mississippi River - cut off TX, AR, MO from Confederacy - prevent further cotton exports - launch second attack from West

19. Battle of Antietam 1 st major battle fought in Northern territory (all previous fights in South) 1 st major battle fought in Northern territory (all previous fights in South) Bloodiest single day in US history - 23,000 killed and wounded Bloodiest single day in US history - 23,000 killed and wounded No decisive victory, Lee is outnumbered but holds off north No decisive victory, Lee is outnumbered but holds off north However, Lee is forced to leave his invasion of Maryland & return to VA However, Lee is forced to leave his invasion of Maryland & return to VA

20. Antietam : Image Analysis - Please turn to pages 204-208 in your American Studies Albums - Work with a partner and answer Question 1

21. It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union. It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union. It did not free slaves in border states. It did not free slaves in border states. Did not legalize slaves as citizens (13 th Amendment) Did not legalize slaves as citizens (13 th Amendment) Emancipation Proclamation

22. Impacts? 1.) Roughly 200,000 slaves run to free states and join Union Army 2.) Prevents foreign alliance for South 3.) Military action performed by Lincoln as Commander-In-Chief 4.) Meant to economically weaken South

24. July 1-3, 1863; turning point in war July 1-3, 1863; turning point in war Lee realized that the South was running low on supplies and munitions; decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory Lee realized that the South was running low on supplies and munitions; decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory Confederate bombardment; Union held firm on mountain ridge Confederate bombardment; Union held firm on mountain ridge Little Round Top Little Round Top Col. Joshua Chamberlain & the 20 th Maine Regiment holds off Confederate charges Battle of Gettysburg

25. Col. Joshua Chamberlain & the 20 th Maine

26. Battle of Gettysburg - On July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confederate Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down ( "Pickett’s Charge") - Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia - Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere - Over 100, 000 casualties in 3 days  It was the last time the South invaded the North

27. “that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” “that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” - President Lincoln - President Lincoln Gettysburg Address

29. Battle of Vicksburg July 4, 1863; day after Gettysburg July 4, 1863; day after Gettysburg North wins, led by Ulysses S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River North wins, led by Ulysses S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River Grant was then given control of all Union armies  began a "scorched earth" & “total war” policy to defeat the South Grant was then given control of all Union armies  began a "scorched earth" & “total war” policy to defeat the South Targeted Virginia's Shenadoah Valley and the southeastern coast (NC, SC, GA) Targeted Virginia's Shenadoah Valley and the southeastern coast (NC, SC, GA)

30. General Sherman's March to the Sea Final phase to secure Union victory Final phase to secure Union victory Sherman marched 300 miles through GA, capturing cities of Atlanta & Savannah Sherman marched 300 miles through GA, capturing cities of Atlanta & Savannah Followed the “total war” and “scorched earth” policies adopted by Grant Followed the “total war” and “scorched earth” policies adopted by Grant Destroyed thousand of acres of land in GA Destroyed thousand of acres of land in GA Continued to march up coast of Carolinas, inflicting further damage Continued to march up coast of Carolinas, inflicting further damage

31. General Sherman's March to the Sea

33. Sherman's March: By the Numbers Destroyed 300+ miles of railroads, telegraph lines, and state highways Destroyed 300+ miles of railroads, telegraph lines, and state highways Captured: - 5,000 horses - 13,000 cattle - 9.5 million lbs. of corn - 2,000 confederate rifles - 10,000 slaves Captured: - 5,000 horses - 13,000 cattle - 9.5 million lbs. of corn - 2,000 confederate rifles - 10,000 slaves Inflicted more than $100 million in damage to infrastructure & private property Inflicted more than $100 million in damage to infrastructure & private property

34. First all-black regiment of Union Army (still commanded by white officers) First all-black regiment of Union Army (still commanded by white officers) Initially they were only used for manual labor Initially they were only used for manual labor Eventually, they were called upon for live combat Eventually, they were called upon for live combat William Carney 54 th Massachusetts

35. 54 th Mass. & the Battle of Fort Wagner (July 18, 1863)

36. Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865 All Confederate troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. All Confederate troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. Terms of surrender were decently lenient Terms of surrender were decently lenient Lincoln wanted to avoid humiliating south, re- store them back into the Union Lincoln wanted to avoid humiliating south, re- store them back into the Union Issue of states' rights "solved"- Federal govt. had asserted its power Issue of states' rights "solved"- Federal govt. had asserted its power Appomattox Court House

37. Civil War: By the Numbers - Over 618,000 military casualties during Civil War - More than all previous US Wars combined - Due to advanced weaponry, long campaigns, and military draft (1 st ever in US)

38. POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS Without Southerners in Federal govt., many changes occurred that benefited the North: 1) Homestead Act passed by Congress in 1862 - encouraged Western expansion without slavery - 165 acres given to any citizen who would farm it for 5 years - 165 acres given to any citizen who would farm it for 5 years 2) Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States. 3) Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry; South now buys northern goods

40. 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and first income tax (temporary) 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and first income tax (temporary) 6) Lincoln also restricts or suspends civil liberties during war, showing Federal Govt.'s power (suspended Habeas Corpus) 6) Lincoln also restricts or suspends civil liberties during war, showing Federal Govt.'s power (suspended Habeas Corpus) - free press/ speech also interrupted, restricted 7) 1864 Election – held only in Union states 7) 1864 Election – held only in Union states - pitted Republican Lincoln against Democrat General McClellan  Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)

41. EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR Unifies country; abolishes Confederacy Unifies country; abolishes Confederacy Abolition of slavery Abolition of slavery Increased power of Federal Govt. Increased power of Federal Govt. Limited state's power & rights Limited state's power & rights U.S. becomes an Industrial Nation U.S. becomes an Industrial Nation Nationalism Nationalism Western lands open to settlement Western lands open to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, plantation system crippled South was economically and physically devastated, plantation system crippled Thus, Reconstruction was created to integrate South back into the Union Thus, Reconstruction was created to integrate South back into the Union