1. Psychodynamic Tradition: Overview The Unconscious - Automaticity Id, Ego, Superego - Self-Other discrepancies Early parent-child interactions - Attachment

2. The Unconscious According to Freud: Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious Unconscious causes determine behavior Unconscious conflicts (conflicting motives) and how we deal with them (again unconsciously) are what constitutes personality

3. Automaticity: Current research on the Unconscious Hypothesis: Most actions, motivations, judgements, and emotions are driven by mental processes that are put into action automatically by the environment

4. Refined hypotheses: Three forms of automatic influences on behavior: i) perception triggers stereotypes which guide behavior ii) perception triggers goals which guide behavior iii) perception triggers evaluations which guide behavior Bargh, J. & Chartrand, T. (1999)

5. Perception >> stereotypes >> behavior participants take part in a “language” experiment where they see words related to rudeness or politeness those who saw “rude” words interrupted a conversation more often and more quickly than did those who saw “polite” words Bargh, J. A., Chen, M. & Burrows, L. (1996 )

6. Perception >> stereotypes >> behavior participants take part in a “language” experiment where they see words related or unrelated to elderly people those who saw “elderly” words walked more slowly down the hallway after the experiment Bargh, J. A., Chen, M. & Burrows, L. (1996)

7. Perception >> stereotypes >> behavior participants are subliminally presented with images of either an African American or Caucasian young male face assumption is that hostility is part of the stereotype of African American males participants then play a frustrating game together those who saw African American faces were more hostile, and their partners in turn responded with more hostility Chen, M. & Bargh, J. A. (1997)

8. Perception >> goals >> behavior participants take part in a “language” experiment where they see words related or unrelated to achievement participants primed with achievement later outperform the unprimed participants, persist longer at the task, and are more unhappy if they fail at it Bargh, J. & Gollwitzer, P. (1994)

9. Perception >> evaluations >> behavior “Preferences need no inferences” Zajonc, R. (1980) Flexing arm makes us like (approach) a new object while extending arm makes us dislike (avoid) a new object. Cacioppo, Priester, & Berntson (1993) Participants can push a lever faster if a word presented to them is negative and pull it quicker if the word is positive. Chen, M. & Bargh, J. (1999)

10. Questions: Where is personality in all this?? What happens to personal responsibility if we are automatically responding to the environment?? What are the similarities and differences to Frued’s original ideas about the unconscious??

11. The Id, Ego, and Superego: Conflicting parts of the self According to Freud: Id is driven by basic instincts and follows the pleasure principle Ego is concerned with survival and follows the reality principle Superego is concerned with societal values and seeks perfection

12. Self-Discrepancy Theory: Current research on conflicting “selves” “The actual, the ideal, and the ought” Higgins, T. (1987) Actual - Attributes you believe you actually possess Ideal - Attributes you wish or hope to possess Ought - Attributes you believe you should possess

13. Scoring Match: Same attribute is on both lists with same value (or only 1 point difference) Mismatch: An attribute on one list is not on the other. Go through actual list and count number not on the other list, then go through the other list and count the number not on the actual list. Add the two. Antonymous mismatch: The opposite of an attribute on the actual list is on the other list. Discrepancy = ( Mismatches + 2* Antonymous mismatches) - Matches

14. Self-Discrepancy Theory/Results Expect actual-ideal discrepancies to signify a lack of positive outcomes, and this expected to be associated with sadness / depression Expect actual-ought discrepancies to signify a presence of negative outcomes, and this expected to be associated with fear / anxiety. Correlational and individual differences research supports these hypotheses Higgins, T. (1987)

15. Early parent-child interactions According to Freud: Psychosexual stages - Oedipus complex: Love of mother and resentment of father Identification - Girls become like mother by identifying with her. Boys switch to identifying with father.

16. Attachment - Theory Current research on parent-child interactions Young infants instinctively seek proximity to their primary caregiver due to the evolutionary advantage that this safety provides If older infants feel secure they will be willing to explore their environment and begin to separate from the mother

17. Attachment - Theory As infants mature they develop cognitive models of their relationships with their primary caregivers and these then guide behavior throughout life Attachment “styles” can be passed down through generations due to parenting behaviors that are guided by the attachment style

18. Attachment - History John Bowlby came from psychoanalytic tradition - emphasized early infant-caregiver relationships as source of adult personality BUT - he felt that actual events, not fantasy, were crucial

19. Attachment - History John Bowlby: adopted ethological theory and approach - the study of animals in their natural environment - based on evolution studied effects on infants of separation from their mother in hospitals and orphanages

20. Attachment - History Mary Ainsworth - Extended Bowlby’s theory observed infant-mother pairs in Uganda - suggested the quality of an infant’s attachment is modulated by the sensitivity and responsiveness of the mother emphasized the interplay of safety and exploration

21. Attachment: The Strange Situation Developed by Ainsworth Mother and child are left alone, and then later joined by a stranger. Mother leaves infant with stranger, then returns. Both mother and stranger leave infant alone. Mother and stranger return.

22. Attachment: The Strange Situation Categorizing children based on the Strange Situation Insecure - avoidant Insecure - resistant Secure

23. Attachment -Adults Adult Attachment Interview designed to predict a child’s attachment style based on parent’s conversational style assumption is that the parent’s attachment style is reflected in their conversation about attachment, and that will have been transmitted to their children

24. Attachment -Adults Adult Attachment Interview continued: 3 attachment categories: Autonomous (secure) - discussion is clear, consistent, and succinct Dismissing - describe relationships as very positive, but provide contradictory evidence Preoccupied - disorganized, incoherent, or rambling descriptions

25. Attachment -Adults Bartholomew’s 4-Category model (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) Model of Self Model of Other Positive Negative Positive Secure Preoccupied DismissingFearful

26. Attachment - A 2 dimensional model (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998)

27. Attachment: A few results parent-child attachment relates to child-peer aggression, sociability, social competence, and peer popularity (Belsky & Cassidy, 1994) violent husbands, as opposed to non-violent ones, were more likely to be insecure in their attachment style. They showed more anxiety about abandonment and more discomfort with closeness. They also were more preoccupied with thoughts about their wife, were more jealous, and had less trust in their wife. (Holtzworth-Munroe et al, 1997)