1. Chapter 1 New World Beginnings

2. Peopling the Americas Many different theories Many different theories –Land Bridge –Kayaks/boats, walking etc. Massive diversity by 1492 (Columbian encounter) Massive diversity by 1492 (Columbian encounter) Agriculture (some areas)= population/ civilization growth  nation-states Agriculture (some areas)= population/ civilization growth  nation-states

3. The origins of the first Americans remain something of a mystery. According to the most plausible theory of how the Americas were populated, for some 25,000 years people crossed the Bering land bridge from Eurasia to North America. Gradually they dispersed southward down ice-free valleys, populating both the American continents.

4. The European World Crusades opens west to goods Crusades opens west to goods Muslim middlemen, expensive Muslim middlemen, expensive Marco Polo- China Marco Polo- China 1450 invention of the caravel – importance? 1450 invention of the caravel – importance? New trade posts- slaves (Portuguese) New trade posts- slaves (Portuguese) New nation-state of Spain New nation-state of Spain

5. Goods on the early routes passed through so many hands along the way that their ultimate source remained mysterious to Europeans.

6. The European World Time was right for Columbus- perfect conditions Time was right for Columbus- perfect conditions October 12, 1492 reached Bahamas (Arawaks) October 12, 1492 reached Bahamas (Arawaks) Lasting effects- interdependent economic systems Lasting effects- interdependent economic systems

8. Interdependence EUROPE= markets, capital, technology AFRICA= slave labor AMERICAS= raw materials, foodstuff

9. The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange Columbus’s discovery initiated the kind of explosion in international commerce that a later age would call “globalization.”

10. When Worlds Collide Foodstuffs= population explosion Foodstuffs= population explosion European crops/animals European crops/animals Sugar Revolution in Caribbean Sugar Revolution in Caribbean Europeans= disease and epidemic Europeans= disease and epidemic –up to 90% death rate  effect?

11. Spanish Conquistadores Treaty of Tordesillas- Spanish/Portuguese “claim” Treaty of Tordesillas- Spanish/Portuguese “claim” “God, gold, glory” (not necessarily in that order) “God, gold, glory” (not necessarily in that order) Precious metal increase in Old World (outcome on economic system) Precious metal increase in Old World (outcome on economic system) Encomienda System Encomienda System

12. Mexican Conquest 1519 Hernando Cortes left for Mexico 1519 Hernando Cortes left for Mexico Local tribe unrest (Aztec tribute system) Local tribe unrest (Aztec tribute system) Cortes= Quetzalcoatl? Cortes= Quetzalcoatl? Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan Noche triste (June 30, 1520) Noche triste (June 30, 1520) Rapid fall of Aztec empire by small group of Spaniards (why?) Rapid fall of Aztec empire by small group of Spaniards (why?) Assimilation/syncretism Assimilation/syncretism

13. Artists’ Rendering of Tenochtitlán Artists’ Rendering of Tenochtitlán Amid tribal strife in the fourteenth century, the Aztecs built a capital on a small island in a lake in the central Valley of Mexico. From here they oversaw the most powerful empire yet to arise in Mesoamerica. Two main temples stood at the city’s sacred center, one dedicated to Tlaloc, the ancient rain god, and the other to Huitzilopochtli, the tribal god, who was believed to require human hearts for sustenance.

16. Spanish America Spanish replace Aztec/Incans (Mexico, Peru)  silver producing Spanish replace Aztec/Incans (Mexico, Peru)  silver producing Subjugation of native population Subjugation of native population St. Augustine founded 1565 St. Augustine founded 1565 Conversion to Christianity  Pope’s Revolt 1680 Conversion to Christianity  Pope’s Revolt 1680