1. Health: 14 th -19 th Century European History By Kassi, Clare, Kendall

2. Unit I : The Late Middle Ages, The Renaissance, The Reformation Chapters 11, 12, 13

3. The Little Ice Age  Drop in overall temperatures  Shortened growing seasons  1315-1317 heavy rains destroyed harvests  Caused extreme hunger and starvation  Killed 10% of European population in first half of 14 th century  Malnutrition  Disease  Infant mortalitity

4. The Black Death  mid 14 th century  Originated in Asia  Spread by rats and fleas  Symptoms: high fever, aching joints, swelling of lymph nodes, internal bleeding  Killed 50-60% of victims  20-50% of total European population killed  Reactions by population  Indulgent living  Flagellants  Revolts  Look in to medical knowledge  Health/sanitation laws made

5. New Directions in Medicine  Hippocrates  Galen: 4 humors  Phlegm  Yellow bile  Black bile  blood  Physicians had little or no practice  Rise of surgeons  Anatomy  Medical textbooks made  14 th century: 6 medical schools  Paris most prestigious

6. Unit II : Exploration, Conquest, State Building Chapters 14, 15

7. Conquest  Aztecs and Incas  No immunity to European germs  Measles, small pox

8. Unit III : The Scientific Revolution, The Enlightenment Chapters 16, 17

9. Advancements in Medicine  Galen  Incorrect anatomy based on animals  Treatment based on imbalance of humors  Belief in two separate body systems  Muscular and digestive  Paracelsus  Macrocosmic-Microcosm philosophy  Disease caused by chemical imbalances  Treated by chemical remedies  Vesalius  Anatomy of humans  Corrected Galen’s theory of blood from liver  Harvey  Blood from heart  blood makes a complete circuit  One body system  Modern foundation of physiology

10. World of Medicine  Hospitals = bad sanitary conditions  Hierarchy of practitioners  Physicians, surgeons, apothecaries, midwifes, faith healers

11. Popular Culture  Alcohol  Gin, vodka  Poor would drink selves into oblivion

12. Unit IV : European States: War, Social Change, and Revolution Chapters 18, 19

13. Growth of European Population  Decline in death rate  Plentiful food  Better transportation of food supply  Improved diets  Introduction of new crops  Potatoes  Corn  More nutritious food supply  End of Plague  Typhus, small pox, influenza, dysentery  Poor hygienic conditions

14. Birth Control  Coitus interruptus  End of 18 th century: used to limit number of children

15. An Agricultural Revolution  Increases in food production  More farm land  Healthier livestock  Increase in meat in European diet  Improved climate  Jethro Tull  Use of hoe  Seed drill

16. Peasant Diet  Dark bread = staple  Water, wine, beer  Potatoes, corn  More susceptible to disease when harvests were bad

17. Unit V: Industrial Revolution and Reform Chapter 20, 21

18. Population Growth  140 million: 1750  266 million: 1850  Drop in number of deaths from famines  Plague and small pox numbers declined  Better food supply  More resistant to disease

19. The Great Hunger  The Potato Famine  Ireland  Struck by fungus  Turned potatoes black  Decimated Irish population  Over a million died of starvation and disease  Almost 2 million emigrated to the United States

20. Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution  Dramatic growth of cities  Miserable living conditions  1 toilet for 20 families  Manchester, England: 1842  Average life span = 17 years  Countryside, England: 1842  Average life span = 38-40 years  Cholera  Edward Chadwick  Reported on conditions of laboring population  Public Health Act 1848  Attempted to clean unsanitary conditions

21. Factory Conditions during the Industrial Revolution  Awful  12-16 hour work days  6 day weeks  Little breaks for food  malnutrition  Dangerous cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes in mines  Cramped conditions  Deformed bodies  Dampness  Ruined lungs

22. Factory Reforms  Improved conditions slightly  Longer breaks  Shorter work days  Women and children couldn’t work in coal mines

23. Bibliography  Western Civilization  Spielvogel  AP Euro Website  Gnass  Google Images