1. History 12 Lesson 1 After the Civil War

2. Keys to technology There were a variety of key industries and technological innovations that led to the industrial boom. Transportation Building Materials Energy Sources Communications

3. Effects of the Civil War The Civil War was one of the most tragic wars in American history. More Americans died then in all other wars combined. Brother fought against brother and the nation was torn apart. In the end, we must look at the important consequences of the conflict. There may be others, but this is a good list to work off.

4. Effects of the Civil war 1. The nation was reunited and the southern states were not allowed to secede. 2. The South was placed under military rule and divided into military districts. Southern states then had to apply for readmission to the Union. 3. The Federal government proved itself supreme over the states. Essentially this was a war over states rights and federalism and the victor was the power of the national government.

5. Effects of the Civil War 4. Slavery was effectively ended. While slavery was not officially outlawed until the passage of the 13th amendment, the slaves were set free upon the end of the war. 5. Reconstruction, the plan to rebuild America after the war, began. 6. Industrialism began as a result of the increase in wartime production and the development of new technologies.

6. Reconstruction At the end of the Civil War two very different plans for reconstructing the nation were offered. Had Lincoln lived perhaps history would have been different. The assassination of Lincoln, however, left the vulnerable Andrew Johnson, a Southerner and former slave owner with no college education, President. Could he live up to Lincoln's ideals? Would he be allowed the opportunity?

8. Reconstruction After the Civil War congress was controlled by a group called the "Radical Republicans.” Lincoln was able to control them and had proposed a plan for reconstruction that looked to treating the South more like a lost brother returning home. Lincoln looked to reconstruction as a time of healing. The Radical Republicans, however, looked at reconstruction as an opportunity to teach the South a lesson and to punish them. In 1866 Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill which called for rather draconian Reconstruction measures. Lincoln vetoed the bill but the debate raged.

9. Reconstruction Immediately following the Civil War, Southern states passed numerous laws restricting the rights of Blacks. They were known as the "Black codes". Mississippi, for example, barred interracial marriages. The punishment for such an act was death. Another code restricted the area in which Blacks could live. For example, Blacks could not own or rent land outside of an incorporated town. The purpose of this code was to undermine the efforts of the federal government in giving forty acres of land to former slaves. Many large plantations in the South were confiscated or abandoned. Much of this land was parceled out to slaves in forty acre allotments.

11. Reconstruction These actions by Southern states angered congress. Led by the "Radical Republicans", congress passed sweeping legislation during the Reconstruction years. Congressmen Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens led the fight and first passed an act to establish the Freedmen's Bureau. Its purpose was to provide education and training for Blacks in their transition from slavery to freedom.

13. Reconstruction Despite the best efforts of President Andrew Johnson to stop all legislation assisting Blacks, several significant bills were passed. With martial law in force in the South, congress could do virtually anything it wanted to. The rebellious states could not vote on the measures before congress, and there were enough votes to override President Johnson's vetoes.

14. Reconstruction The year following the Civil War, congress passed the Civil Rights act of 1866. It was subsequently vetoed by Andrew Johnson. Congress, however, overrode his veto and immediately passed the 14th Amendment due in part to Johnson's resistance. The purpose of both measures involved the rights of persons born or naturalized in the United States.

15. 14 th Amendment "All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." With exception to Tennessee, all Southern states refused to ratify the amendment.

16. Reconstruction Congress than passed the Reconstruction Act, which prohibited these states from participating in Congress until they passed the measure and revised their own state constitutions. Passage of this amendment and the Reconstruction Act met with violent opposition. Despite the presence of the military, Whites went on a rampage killing, beating, burning, and destroying any Blacks they could find. Blacks were lynched by the hundreds.

17. 15 th Amendment In 1870, another Civil Rights Act was passed, and was immediately followed by the 15th Amendment - "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color or previous conditions of servitude."

18. Reconstruction Clearly the discord between Johnson and the Radical Republicans made Johnson an ineffective President and strengthened the power of Congress. In 1868 Congress impeached Johnson for violating a law called the Tenure of Office Act which forbade the President from firing a member of the Cabinet. Johnson was not convicted but clearly he was a lame duck President.

19. Racism Continues The end of the Civil War and the Reconstruction of the South attempted to address some of the social concerns of the freed slaves but in reality could do very little to make blacks economically and politically equal to whites. In fact, there was never any intention of making blacks equal. The results of slavery and lingering racism were devastating.

20. What economic problems did newly freed slaves face? 1. They had no education and could not read or write as a result of the Slave Codes. 2. Job opportunities were extremely limited. 3. Often the only skills a freed slave had was in farming and even then they usually only knew how to do the manual labor, not the actual running of a farm. 4. Freed slaves had no money, clothing, etc.

21. What types of jobs did freedmen take? 1. Sharecropping - Many freed slaves remained on their plantations and worked as sharecroppers. In this arrangement landowners (former plantation owners) also had no money to hire workers so what they would do is allow a freed slave to work the land and give a portion of the harvest to the landowner. The portion was usually quite high and it was difficult for the freeman to save enough to to sell on his own. In theory a sharecropper could save enough money to buy some mules and eventually rent the land but this was rare. 2. Tenant Farming - Some sharecroppers actually made enough to begin renting the land. This was known as tenant farming. Certainly this was better than 'cropping but they still struggled to make ends meet.

22. Quiz 1.What were “black Codes?” 2.List 3 effects of the Civil War? 3.What was the purpose of the freedmen's bureau? 4.What was the reconstruction act?

23. Who did blacks turn to find some relief from the emotional burden?? 1. growth of black Methodist and Baptist Churches - had Evangelical roots. Used spiritual song and gospel; they were the forerunner of Southern Baptist churches. AME - African Methodist Episcopal Church sent missionaries to the south immediately after the war. Membership increased from 70,000 to 390,000.

24. What needed to be done to help blacks reenter society? 1. Freedmen's Bureau - created as a part of the Reconstruction Act, it was a Federal agency designed to provide food, clothes and shelter for freed slaves and whites in need. 2. Education - black and white school teachers came south and began to teach the freed slaves. Booker T. Washington said "It was a whole race going to school. Few were too young and none were too old."

25. How successful was reconstruction in creating real economic freedom? 1. Not very much. many called sharecropping and tenant farming economic slavery because it still kept freedmen subservient to whites and at their whim.

26. White Negative reactions 1. Supremacist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camellia were formed. Some originally warned blacks not to vote, then turned violent.

27. How did groups like the Klan effect reconstruction? Southerners may have had to live with blacks but they sure didn't like it and they sure were not going to treat them as equals. What came to exist in the south was a segregated society, or one where the races are separated. This was not originally law (though it later came to be) and is thus referred to as de facto segregation or segregation by the fact that it exists.

29. Scalawags Scalawags (means scoundrel) -White southerners who joined the Republican Party. There were mixed motivations. Some wanted rapid industrialization, some opposed slavery and secession, some were selfish office seekers who used blacks to gain elective office by stuffing ballot boxes etc.

30. Carpetbaggers Carpetbaggers (from pictures of all belongings rolled in a carpet carried on their shoulders.)- Northerners who moved South. There were again various motives to support reconstruction. Some were teachers and clergy who really wanted to help former slaves, some were Union soldiers who preferred a warm climate, some were entrepreneurs, some were dishonest profit seekers.

31. Ways Blacks were kept from voting 1. Literacy Tests - The democrats passed voter qualification laws that mandated that a person had to read in order to vote. Most Blacks were asked to read the constitution. Considering that most had been slaves, and were uneducated, they could not pass the test. This took away the rights of blacks to vote.

32. Ways Blacks were kept from voting 2. Poll Taxes - The democrats passed voter qualification laws that mandated that a person had to pay a two dollar tax in order to vote. This was much of money for a newly freed slave and most could not afford it.

33. Ways Blacks were kept from voting 3. Grandfather clause - The democrats passed voter qualification laws that mandated that a person could only vote if their grandfather had been eligible to vote and had been a citizen. Since most slaves' grandfathers had also been slaves they did not qualify to vote under these laws.

34. How did white southerners justify these laws?. According to the constitution laws regarding voter qualifications were a reserved power left up to the states. Therefore southern states could pass laws that went around the 15th amendment

35. What happened when the Jim Crow Laws were challenged? Homer Plessey, a member of a citizens group protesting the Jim Crow laws that created segregation in the south, was arrested for violating the law that forced Blacks to ride in separate train cars. Plessey claimed that the laws violated the 14 th amendment to the Constitution that said that all citizens were to receive "equal protection under the law." The state argued that Plessey and other Blacks did receive equal treatment, just separate.

36. Plessy VS Ferguson Plessey's conviction of a violation of Jim Crow laws has upheld by the Court. The Court ruled that the 14 th amendment said that Blacks did not have the right to the same facilities, just equal facilities. By ruling this way the court created the doctrine of "separate but equal."

37. Reconstruction began in 1865, how do you think Northerners felt about it by 1877? Northerners were tired of reconstruction after twelve long years. By 1877 many felt that they would never accomplish the social good that they sought to accomplish. The general feeling was that the the south might never really change. 2. Northerners were also upset at the fact that the northern military had to occupy the south. They wanted their soldiers home.

38. Ending Reconstruction Depression and scandal pushed everything over the edge. The Depression of 1873 showed that the government could not continue to afford reconstruction. The Credit Mobilier scandal key Republican congressman had arranged for the Credit Mobilier holding company to received government land and money to build a railroad out west. In return these men received bribes. The railroad was never built and the scandal showed America how little control Grant actually had.

39. Reconstruction ended due to the election of 1876 By 1876 many Americans wanted to put the disputes of the Civil War and reconstruction in the past. Even in the North many believed it would be better if the Federal Government let Southern states take care of their own affairs. The election was so close it had to be determined by congress. They compromised that Republican could win if they pulled out the troops. Rutherford B. Hayes wins.

40. After Reconstruction In the years when the South was left to rule on their own. Laws of segregation were passed. (Separation of whites and blacks) Laws would require separate hotels, rail cars, and schools. These were known as Jim Crow laws. These laws were considered legal because separation was considered a solution.

41. Moving West During the 1800's and the period of Manifest Destiny Americans sought to move westward to gain a piece of independence, a plot of land to live on. After the Civil War the migration of Americans westward grew. For many Americans this was the American Dream. Far from the cities, where your neighbor couldn't be seen of heard from without a half days journey. What most failed to consider is that whenever we moved anywhere we encroached upon lands already occupied and sustaining the lives of people who had been there for perhaps thousands of years.

42. As settlers moved west what was their view of Native Americans? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSu4hOLY rXk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSu4hOLY rXk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63KOboif Cig http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63KOboif Cig http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX449Y1B dug http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX449Y1B dug

43. Moving West While many attitudes about native Americans were present, most viewed them as blood thirsty savages, a depiction which was clearly untrue. This attitude was driven by an American desire to move westward and conquer the lands to the west. While Manifest Destiny was the justification used by many for the removal of native Americans, it was the Homestead Act of 1862, the issuing of Land Grants and the California Gold Rush of 1849 that provided the fuel for the push.

44. Homestead Act of 1862 The Homestead Act promised free land to all settlers who staked a claim out west. Provided that any adult citizen who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land. Claimants were required to “improve” the plot by building a dwelling and cultivating the land. After 5 years on the land, the original filer was entitled to the property, free and clear, except for a small registration fee. Title could also be acquired after only a 6-month residency and trivial improvements, provided the claimant paid the government $1.25 per acre.

45. Land Grants The Land Grants were vast tracts of land given to the railroads so that a trans continental railroad would be built. Provided for 3.75 million acres of land to the states to support railroad projects 21 million acres of public lands were used for railroads in the Mississippi River valley, and the stage was set for more substantial Congressional subsidies to future railroads.

46. California Gold Rush In 1849 hundreds of thousands of speculators rushed west after gold had been found in California. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi9i4agG mkw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi9i4agG mkw

47. Results of moving west Each of these acts sped up what was most likely bound to be an inevitable process, the removal of native American from their ancestral lands. The superior technology of the white man who possessed guns, and railroads made the defeat of the native American inevitable.

48. Policies towards Native Americans 1828 - Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia 1830 - Indian Removal Act 1860 - 1890's - Plains Indians Wars 1887 - The Dawes Act 1953 - Termination Policy 1980's

49. Cherokee Nation VS Georgia In 1828 the Cherokee tribe who had lived in peace working as farmers, building houses and roads found gold on their land. As a result white settlers moved in and the State of Georgia claimed jurisdiction over the Cherokee. The Cherokee sued claiming they were independent from Georgia. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee. The victory was short lived, however, as President Andrew Jackson in response to the Courts decision is reputed to have said, "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it." Instead the federal government removed the Indians to Oklahoma.

50. Indian Removal act of 1830 This act authorized the President to negotiate treaties and remove the remaining Eastern Indians to lands west of the Mississippi. Under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, federal agents again used threats, bribes and liquor to secure Indian consent to one sided treaties. The federal government removed thousands of Indians, some in chains, on a trip marked by hunger, disease and death. This became known as the "trail of tears." By the late 1840's almost all native Americans had been moved to lands west of the Mississippi.

51. Plains Indians Wars During this period Americans and plains Indians clashed as Americans attempted to force Indians onto reservations. The battles are highlighted by the Battle of Little Bighorn, where Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and his regiment of 250 where all killed by approximately 4500 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. The battle at Wounded Knee where thousands of Cheyenne men, women and children were slaughtered by the American Calvary. Wounded Knee represented the end of any real armed resistance on the part of the Native American.

52. 1887 Dawes Act 1. Each Indian family head be allotted a 160 acre farm out of reservation lands. 2. Each new land owner who abandoned tribal practices and adopted the "habits of civilized life" would be granted American citizenship. 3. "Surplus" reservation lands would be made available to sell to white settlers.

53. 1887 Dawes Acts The Dawes Act, while well intentioned, did not benefit the Indians. The lands they were assigned were poor and the concept of "Americanization" led to a destruction of Indian culture and the destruction of the traditional status of Indian women in tribal life. Finally, as a result of the "surplus" land provision the Indians lost 90 million out of 140 acres of reservation land.

54. 1953 Termination Policy This was a new sharply different policy that ended the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and all of the programs that went with it. It divided tribal property among the tribes members thus subjecting them to taxation. It also curtailed tribal self government and relocated many Indians to the cities where jobs were available. The Termination policy also ended federal responsibility and social services education, health and welfare, to the Indians.

55. 1980’s 1980's - Several Indian nations, most notably in Connecticut and New York, sue to gain autonomy (independence) on tribal reservation land. Indians win these cases paving the way for the creation of gambling operations on reservation land. Today there are casinos on several reservations providing millions of dollars of income for those tribes.

56. Natives Get some Justice but is it enough? What is their justice?

57. Quiz 1.What two things pushed reconstruction to an end? 2.What was the Homestead Act? 3. What were the land grants for? 4. True or False the supreme court ruled in favor of the Cherokee nation in Cherokee Nation VS Georgia? 5. Name 2 thing that encouraged people to move west?

58. Activity Each person needs to add one part of the Model T vehicle. Each Group will be given the pieces of the car. They will pass on the paper to the next person who will add to the model. The paper will be passed until the vehicle is complete. It is a race. Winners get a prize.

60. Start of Industrialization The post civil war era was the beginning of great changes for America. It was this period that would begin the march towards the technologically advanced and industrial nation that we are today. Much of this, in fact, was due to technology developed during the Civil War and the boom in population caused by soldiers returning home.

61. US was a great place American society was an ideal vehicle for industrialization. The Puritan ethic and a belief in free enterprise fostered technological innovation and economic growth, and the country had enormous natural resources. Labor-saving devices and new technologies freed workers to enter the factories, which also drew upon immigrant labor.

62. Consumption Aided by the spread of the transportation network, the boom period in American industrialization came in the second half of the 19th century. By the turn of the century the United States had overtaken Britain in the output of iron and coal and the consumption of raw cotton. Britain, with its older plants and equipment, faced increasing economic competition from other countries and lagged behind, particularly in the newer chemical and electrical industries

63. Henry Ford In the 20th century the United States also dominated the new automobile industry, which Henry Ford revolutionized by introducing a system of coordinated assembly- line operations. Ford's success led to the widespread adoption of mass production techniques in industry.

65. Assembly Line http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- CdZvLvu8IQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- CdZvLvu8IQ

66. Industrial Market There were a variety of key industries and technological innovations that led to the industrial boom. Transportation Building Materials Energy Sources Communications

67. Transportation Railroads began their quest to cross the continent. In 1850 there were about 9,000 miles of track laid. Aided by government land grants in 1865 there was over 35,000 miles of track and by 1890 there was over 200,000 miles of track. By the year 1900 there was a nationwide network of railroads that made shipping and transportation easier and helped to spur on industrial growth.

68. Building Materials New factories and office buildings were growing in size. Newer buildings in cities began to reach towards the sky and it was obvious that the old brick and wood buildings could not handle the load. New materials such as concrete, steel and glass were used to build the new urban centers.

69. Energy Sources New energy sources powered the factories of the industrial age. Oil, electricity and coal would be the energy sources of the future. Thomas Alva Edison started the nations first electric generating station and developed many invention including the light bulb and record player to utilize the new technology. George Westinghouse developed alternating current. A current of electricity that could travel long distances. Now wire could be drawn across the whole nation to transport electricity cheaply and efficiently.

70. Communications Technologies developed to ease communications between soldiers during the Civil War became useful to everyday men and women. Samuel F. B. Morse developed the first telegraphic sending device and code called Morse Code. Later The Telegraph sent messages across America and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the Telephone. The Bell Telephone Company was formed the next year and American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) was created in 1900.

71. What fueled Industrialism? The rapid industrialization of the late 19 th century was not begun by machines. It was begun by men and women working towards the creation of a new and different powerful nation. It was, in reality, a search for money, wealth and power. That was the American dream. No longer was success a small plot of land to farm on the prairie. This was big business. None of this would have been possible if the nation had not created certain conditions that made industrialism possible.

72. Philosophies There were primarily three philosophies that drove America towards industrial greatness. Laissez Faire Capitalism Rugged Individualism Social Darwinism

73. Laissez faire capitalism This is capitalism in its purest form. As an economic philosophy it literally means "hands free" or government hands off of business. The notion was that the best way for government to help business and promote industrialization was to leave it alone, to do nothing. This meant no regulations, no laws governing business, nothing. In this unfettered environment industry was free to expand unchecked and take whatever actions it deemed necessary. If workers or the public were hurt in the process, so be it. It was not the governments role to help, they should help themselves.

74. Rugged Individualism This was the idea that it was a persons responsibility to help themselves. If a person was down on their luck they had to "pick themselves up by the bootstraps" and make something of their lives. There would be no government safety net, no welfare. This philosophy instilled and reinforced the hard work ethic.

75. Social Darwinism This was the application of Charles Darwin's philosophy of "survival of the fittest" to humanity. It was the basic belief that those that deserved and were strongest would become wealthy and those that were poor were obviously not fit enough. This philosophy did not allow for peoples circumstances as an excuse. Either you were fit, or you were not...overcome the obstacles or become a member of the nations underclass.

76. Themes It should be clear that all of these philosophies have a similar tone. Small government was the theme of the day. Hard work and personal achievement were the methods and the goals. America was to be a nation where people earned their achievements based upon their merits.

77. Quiz 3 1.What was the name of the Henry Ford’s first car? 2.What form of transportation helped the industry grow? 3.Who started the first electric generating station? 4.What does AT&T Stand for? 5.List the 3 philosophies that drove American towards industrial greatness?

78. Were the founders of American industry "robber barons" or "captains of industry?" The wave of industrialism that we have been studying was often driven by a few great men known as industrialists. There can be no mistaking their motives: wealth. There is some debate, however, on how history should portray these industrialists.

79. Robber Barons Some feel that the powerful industrialists of the gilded age should be referred to as "robber barons." This view accentuates the negative. It portrays men like Vanderbilt and Rockefeller and Ford as cruel and ruthless businessmen. They would stop at nothing to achieve great wealth. These "robber barons" were accused of exploiting workers and forcing horrible working conditions and unfair labor practices upon the laborer.

80. Captains of Industry Another view of the industrialist is that of "captain of industry." The term captain views these men as viewed ingenious and industrious leaders who transformed the American economy with their business skills. They were praised for their skills as well as for their philanthropy (charity).

81. Reports on Industrial Leaders In Groups or on your own. Write a paragraph summarizing the different industrial leaders. You need explain their life and how they became rich, and what they did with their money. Decide if they were are “robber Barron” or “Captain of industry” and explain why? Vanderbilt Carnegie Andrew Mellon Rockefeller Henry Ford Pick 2 of your own. One 18 th or 19 th Century. One modern

82. Biltmore

83. House of Rockefeller

84. Consequences of the Mindset As business expanded natural predatory instincts took over as companies sought to eliminate competition. It was survival of the fittest in an economy which did not regulate business - laissez faire, social Darwinism, rugged individualism where the themes of the day.

85. Monopolies Clearly the natural conclusion of laissez faire capitalism, or pure competition, is the end of competition itself. It is the natural goal of any business to make as much profit as it can and to eliminate its competition. When a corporation eliminates its competition it becomes what is known as a "monopoly."

86. Trusts Monopolies took several organization forms including what were known as trusts. Trusts: Stockholders of several competing corporations turn in their stock to trustees in exchange for a trust certificate entitling them to a dividend. Trustees ran the companies as if they were one.

87. Trusts To the public all monopolies were known simply as "trusts." These trusts had an enormous impact on the American economy. They became huge economic and political forces. They were able to manipulate price and quality without regard for the laws of supply and demand. Basic economic principles no longer applied They also had great political power. Trusts were extremely influential in Congress and in the Senate. Some even accused the trusts of "buying" votes.

88. Trusts Although many Americans still regarded men like John D. Rockefeller as "Captains of Industry," more and more people began to publicly question the tactics of the "Robber Barons." As trusts grew ever more powerful and wealth became concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, animosity towards the new businessmen and the new methods of doing business increased tremendously.

89. American People The industrial revolution and the great economic success that accompanied it had a wide variety of victims. As we have previously discussed the American public, through the efforts of trusts, became a victim of the elimination of competition. The consumer was not the only victim however. The American worker was also victimized.

90. Factories Factories began to replace small "cottage" industries. As the population grew so did wants and needs. Manufacturers realized that bulk production was cheaper, more efficient and provided the quantity of items needed. As a result more and more factories sprang up

91. Factory Work Factory work is very different from other types of labor. The introduction of the factory system had a negative effect on living conditions. Factory owners who believed in Social Darwinism and Rugged Individualism did not care much about those who worked in their factories. They believed that if the workers wanted to improve their; lives they had to do it on their own. Also, because no particular strength or skill was required to operate many of the new factory machines the workers were considered unskilled. This meant they were easily replaced

92. Factory Conditions The owners of the early factories often were most interested in hiring a worker cheaply. Thus they employed many women and children. These workers could be hired for lower wages than men. These low-paid employees had to work for as long as 16 hours a day; they were subjected to pressure, and even physical punishment, in an effort to make them speed up production. Since neither the machines nor the methods of work were designed for safety, many fatal and maiming accidents resulted.

95. Company Towns Factory owners, especially those involved in the steel industry and in the coal mine industry, often would build company towns. Workers were given cheap rent in these towns to go along with there low wages. In essence the worker was trapped. The company town afforded him a place to live and without the job he couldn't leave.

96. Sweatshops Those in the garment industry worked in sweatshops. Sweatshops were poorly ventilated and lit rooms where seamstresses sat side by side doing piece work (specializing on one piece of the work thus never making a finished product.) The cloth would be piled high, workers were not allowed to talk. Often sweatshop employees where forced to work late into the night so that the job was completed or they wouldn't get paid.

98. Triangle Shirt Factory Fire One of the most influential events in labor history was a direct result of sweatshop conditions. The Triangle Shirt Factory Fire killed 114 workers because the fabric could fire and tore through the building. There were no fire escapes and the doors opened out into the hall. The doors where blocked locking the workers in. As result stricter building codes and fire regulations where passed.

99. Shirtwaist Factory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL_U4pGd TV0&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL_U4pGd TV0&feature=relmfu

100. The Gilded Age The time period we have been talking about has been nicknamed the Gilded Age. A term coined by Mark Twain to describe a thin layer of glitter over a cheap base. It was a time of wealth, growth and prosperity for a few, but the country was not really in a good place.

101. The Gilded Age The Gilded Age will be remembered for the accomplishments of thousands of American thinkers, inventors, entrepreneurs, writers, and promoters of social justice. Few politicians had an impact on the tremendous change transforming America. The Presidency was at an all-time low in power and influence, and the Congress was rife with corruption.

102. The Forgettable Presidents The American Presidents who resided in the White House from the end of the Civil War until the 1890s are sometimes called "THE FORGETTABLE PRESIDENTS.” ANDREW JOHNSON ULYSSES S. GRANT RUTHERFORD B. HAYES JAMES GARFIELD CHESTER ARTHUR

103. The forgettable Presidencies ANDREW JOHNSON was so hated he was impeached and would have been removed from office were it not for a single Senate vote. ULYSSES S. GRANT was a war hero but was unprepared for public office. Was totally naive to the workings of Washington. He relied heavily on the advice of insiders who were stealing public money. His secretary of war sold Indian land to investors and pocketed public money. Grant himself seemed above these scandals, but lacked the political skill to control his staff or replace them with officers of integrity.

104. The forgettable Presidencies RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. himself had tremendous integrity, but his Presidency was weakened by the means of his election. A Republican-biased electoral commission awarded all 20 electoral votes to the Republican Hayes, and he won by just one electoral vote. While he was able to claim the White House, many considered his election a fraud, and his power to rule was diminished.

105. The forgettable Presidencies JAMES GARFIELD succeeded Hayes to the Presidency. After only four months, his life was cut short by an assassin's bullet. CHARLES GUITEAU, the killer, was so upset with Garfield for overlooking him for a political job that he shot the President in cold blood on the platform of the Baltimore and Potomac train station.

106. The forgettable Presidencies Vice-President CHESTER ARTHUR became the next leader. Although his political history was largely composed of appointments of friends, the tragedy that befell his predecessor led him to believe that the system had gone bad. He signed into law the PENDLETON CIVIL SERVICE ACT, which opened many jobs to competitive exam rather than political connections. The Republican Party rewarded him by refusing his nomination for the Presidency in 1884.

107. The forgettable Presidencies One President impeached, one President drowning in corruption, one President elected by possible fraud, one President assassinated, and one disgraced by his own party for doing what he thought was right. Clearly this was not a good time in Presidential history.

108. Tammany Hall Tammany Hall, or simply Tammany, was the name given to a powerful political machine that essentially ran New York City throughout much of the 19th century. It began modestly as a patriotic and social club established in New York in the years following the American Revolution, when such organizations were commonplace in American cities.

109. Tammany Hall In the 1820s, the leaders of Tammany threw their support behind Andrew Jackson’s quest for the presidency. Tammany leaders met with Jackson before his election in 1828, promised their support, and when Jackson was elected they were rewarded, in what became known as the spoils system, with federal jobs in New York City.

110. Provide for the poor in exchange for votes In the 1850s, Tammany was becoming a powerhouse of Irish politics in New York City. And in the time before social welfare programs, Tammany politicians generally provided the only help the poor could get. There are many stories about neighborhood leaders from the Tammany organization making sure that poor families were given coal or food during hard winters. The New York poor, many of whom were new arrivals to America, became intensely loyal to Tammany.

111. Pressure from the top In the period before the Civil War, the New York saloons were generally the center of local politics, and election contests could literally turn into street brawls. Neighborhood toughs would be employed to make sure the vote “went Tammany's way.” There are myriad stories about Tammany workers stuffing ballot boxes and engaging in flagrant election fraud.

112. William Marcy “Boss” Tweed By far the most notorious figure to be associated with Tammany Hall was William Marcy Tweed, whose political power made him known as “Boss” Tweed. Born as a chair maker but gave up the chair business and devoted all his time to politics, working his way up in the Tammany

113. Tammany Hall Ring http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YildL_ilQF Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YildL_ilQF Y

114. Legacy Tammany Hall was the archetype of the political machines that flourished in many American cities in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The influence of Tammany did not wane until the 1930s, and the organization itself did not cease to exist until the 1960s. There's no doubt that Tammany Hall played a major role in the history of New York City. The organization of Tammany, controversial and corrupt as it was, did at least bring order to the rapidly growing metropolis.

115. U.S. History & Government U.S. Immigration Policy

116. U.S. Immigration 1830-2000 “Open” Immigration National Origins Acts (Quota Acts) Gentlemen’s Agreement Chinese Exclusion Act Immigration & Nationality Act

117. Why do people immigrate? Push Factors: Reasons why migrants leave their homelands. Pull Factors: Reasons why migrants are attracted to certain areas.

118. Three Waves of U.S. Immigration First Wave (Old Immigrants) 1840-1860 Second Wave (New Immigrants) 1880-1920 Third Wave (Newest Immigrants) 1965-Present

119. First Wave (Old) Immigrants Arrived: 1840-1860 Origins: Ireland & Germany Most were Catholic Push Factors: Potato Famine, Religious & Political Persecution and Instability Pull Factors: Jobs in northeastern factories A Nativist Political Cartoon

120. Discrimination Against Asians Chinese laborers recruited for railroad construction in the West CA excluded from mining Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Prohibited Chinese & Korean Immigration to U.S. Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907): Japan would not allow its citizens to migrate to the U.S. By Thomas Nast (1882)

121. Second Wave (New) Immigrants Arrived 1880-1920 Origins: Southern & Eastern Europe Diverse Languages & Religions (Catholic, Jewish, & Eastern Orthodox) Push Factors: Religious persecution, economic & politicl instability Pull Factors: Jobs created by industrialisation

122. Third Wave (Newest) Immigrants Arrived 1965-Present Origins: Everywhere... (Esp. Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe) Push Factors: Lower standard of living, ethnic or religious persecution Pull Factors: Jobs & economic prosperity A Naturalization Ceremony for New Citizens

123. Second Wave Immigration 1880-1920

124. Nativism Nativism: Anti-Immigrant Feelings The Know Nothings: Anti-Immigrant Group in the 1850s… mainly targeted Irish & Germans Anti-Chinese discrimination & violence in the 1880s The Ku Klux Klan: In the 1920s, northern faction mainly targeted immigrants (mainly Catholics & Jews) The Quota Acts were clear examples of Nativist legislation.

125. How did immigrants adapt Assimilation Acculturation Cultural pluralism

126. IN Class Worksheet US Immigration Policy Worksheet Oral Immigration policy assignment

127. Quiz 4 1.Who were the forgettable presidents? 2.What was a trust? 3.Where did the name the Gilded Age come from? Why is the time period referred to that? 4.What was Tammany Hall? 5.What did the Nativists party represent?

128. Jacob Riis During the 1880s many in upper- and middle-class society were unaware of the dangerous conditions in the slums among the poor immigrants. Jacob Riis decided to publish a photo journal documenting the conditions using graphic descriptions, sketches, photographs, and statistics. Riis blamed the lack of apathy by the rich for the condition of the New York slums, and assumed that as people were made more aware of these conditions they would be more apt to help eradicate them.

129. Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York emerged as a result, featuring fifteen images and forty-three drawings based on photographs. This photo journal directly blamed crowded, unsanitary tenements as the cause of crime and moral decay. How the Other Half Lives targeted the wealthy New Yorkers who owned and financed tenement buildings. Riis hoped that the combination of charity and plea for private investors to take less profit when building tenements would provide adequate lodgings.

130. How the other half lives

131. Assignment Draw 5 pictures: These pictures need to represent issues you think need to be exposed. Issues need to be exposed so something can be done about them. What needs action? Draw 2 pictures from the Gilded Age Draw 3 pictures from our day

132. Farmers Struggle Before 1860 there were few millionaires in the United States, but by 1900 there were more than four thousand. Yet in the midst of all this industrial growth and production of wealth, almost ten million Americans, or about one out of eight people, lived in poverty. Among the Americans left out of the prosperity were the farmers who experienced difficult economic times.

133. Drop in Prices Farmers believed that their economic demise resulted from the low prices which they received for their produce. Statistics validate their belief as the price of agricultural produce did fall drastically during the closing decades of the 19th century. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, from 1870 to 1897, wheat prices fell from $1.06 a bushel to 63¢ a bushel, corn from 43¢ to 30¢ a bushel, and cotton from 15¢ a pound to 6¢ a pound. Most of the time farmers received even less for their produce.

134. Over Production Farmers refused to admit it, but the primary cause of their problem was overproduction caused by increases in acreage of farm land and increased yields per acre due to improved farming methods generated by newly created agricultural colleges. Thus, farmers produced more than consumer demand, and prices fell to a point that farmers barely made a profit.

135. Blame the Banks and Railroads Farmers, however, came to believe that their chief problem was not the market dynamics of supply and demand but that they sold goods in a free market and purchased goods in a protected and monopolistic market. They primarily zeroed in on two villains – banks and railroads.

136. Explanation In their view banks charged outrageous interest rates, and monopolistic railroads not only charged outrageous rates but their rates were unfair and arbitrary in that the railroads charged farmers higher rates than they charged fellow industrialists. Other companies were not paying the same rate to ship things that farmers paid.

137. Farmers Organizations In an attempt to improve their condition, farmers in the 1870s decided to organize. They created numerous organizations including the Patrons of Husbandry or Grange, the National Farmers’ Alliance, the National Farmers’ Alliance and Industrial Union, and the Southern Alliance.

138. Farmers try for Change Working within existing political parties, farmers attempted to bring about political change. They managed to gain control of several state legislatures and to enact state laws which regulated railroads. At first the U. S. Supreme Court in Munn v. Illinois upheld these laws of railroad regulation, but in the late 1880s the court reversed itself and either declared state regulatory laws unconstitutional or took most of the starch out of them.

139. Farmers try for change Frustrated by the reversal of the court and their inability to get either major political party to adopt their agenda, farmers in 1890 decided to field candidates for state and national offices under diverse party labels. Farm leaders surprised themselves by gaining partial or complete control of twelve state legislatures and by electing six governors, three senators, and approximately fifty congressmen.

140. Peoples Party –Populist Party Elated over their success, the agrarian leaders decided it was time to create a national farm and labor party. The People’s or Populist Party, drafted a platform. The Omaha platform of 1892 concisely documented the grievances and demands of farmers. It was also one of the most radical platforms to this point in American history. Among other things, it called for government ownership and operation of the railroad, telephone, and telegraph systems.

141. Near Success Third parties have never won national elections and the Populist Party was no exception. Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate in 1892, won the presidency, but the populist candidate Weaver did poll more than a million popular votes and twenty-two electoral votes.

142. Populists become Democrats In the 1896 presidential election, the Democratic Party nominated William Jennings Bryan and adopted a platform that included several planks from the 1892 Populist platform. After much discussion, Populist leaders decided to support Bryan and in so doing, signed the death warrant of the Populist Party. Bryan lost three presidential elections as the nominee of the Democratic Party.

143. Quiz 5 1. Who was Jacob Riis? What did he do? 2. What was the name of Riis’s book? 3. Why did farmers struggle to make a profit? 4. Who did farmers blame for their hardships? 5. What usually happens to a 3 rd party in the US? Movie Questions: 1.What did Vanderbilt do to stop trains into NY? 2.What life changing event made Rockefeller think he was destined for greatness?