1. End Show Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 22–3 Seedless Vascular Plants

3. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 3 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 420 million years ago, mosslike plants on land were joined by taller plants. Evidence shows that these plants had vascular tissue, which is specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant. Evolution of Vascular Tissue

4. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 4 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Vascular Tissue The first vascular plants contained tracheids which are cells specialized to conduct water. Tracheids make up xylem, a transport subsystem that carries water from the roots to every part of a plant.

5. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 5 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Vascular Tissue Tracheids are hollow with thick cell walls that resist pressure. They connect end to end to allow water to move efficiently.

6. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 6 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Vascular Tissue Vascular plants have a second transport subsystem composed of vascular tissue called phloem. Phloem transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.

7. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 7 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Vascular Tissue How is vascular tissue important to ferns and their relatives?

8. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 8 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Vascular Tissue Both xylem and phloem can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity.

9. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 9 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Vascular Tissue Together xylem and phloem move water, nutrients, and other materials throughout the plant. In many plants, xylem and lignin (a substance that makes cell walls rigid) enable them to grow upright and tall.

10. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 10 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ferns and Their Relatives What are the characteristics of the three phyla of seedless vascular plants?

11. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 11 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ferns and Their Relatives Seedless vascular plants include: club mosses horsetails ferns

12. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 12 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ferns and Their Relatives The most numerous phylum is the ferns. Ferns and their relatives have true roots, leaves, and stems.

13. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 13 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns Roots are underground organs that absorb water and minerals. Leaves are photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue. Tissue is gathered into veins made of xylem and phloem. Stems are supporting structures that connect roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients between them.

14. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 14 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ferns and Their Relatives Club Mosses Ancient club mosses grew into trees and produced forests. Fossilized remains of these exist today as huge beds of coal. Today, club mosses are small plants that live in moist woodlands.

15. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 15 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ferns and Their Relatives Horsetails The only living genus of Arthrophyta is Equisetum. Equisetum has true leaves, stems, and roots. Equisetum is called horsetail, or scouring rush.

16. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 16 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ferns and Their Relatives Ferns Ferns probably evolved 350 million years ago, when club moss forests covered Earth. Ferns thrive in wet areas with little light.

17. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 17 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns Ferns have vascular tissues, strong roots, underground stems called rhizomes, and leaves called fronds.

18. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 18 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns What are the stages in the life cycle of ferns?

19. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 19 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns Ferns and other vascular plants have a life cycle in which the diploid sporophyte is the dominant stage.

20. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 20 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns Fern sporophytes develop haploid spores on the underside of their fronds in structures called sporangia. Sporangia are grouped into clusters called sori.

21. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 21 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns The Underside of a Fern Frond Sorus Sporangia

22. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 22 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns Fern Life Cycle Young gametophyte (N) Mature gametophyte (N) Egg Archegonium Sperm Antheridium Spores (N) Sporangium (2N) Frond Mature sporophyte (2N) Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte embryo (2N) Developing sporophyte (2N)

23. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 23 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns When the spores germinate, they develop into haploid gametophytes. The gametophyte first grows a set of rootlike rhizoids. It then flattens into a mature gametophyte. The gametophyte grows independently of the sporophyte.

24. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 24 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns The antheridia and archegonia are found on the underside of the gametophyte. Fertilization requires water, which allows the sperm to swim to the eggs.

25. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 25 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns Spores (N) Antheridium Sperm Archegonium Egg Mature gametophyte (N) Young gametophyte (N)

26. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 26 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns The diploid zygote formed by fertilization, develops into a new sporophyte. As the sporophyte grows, the gametophyte withers away. Fern sporophytes often live for many years. In some species, fronds die in the fall, but rhizomes live through the winter and produce new leaves in the spring.

27. End Show 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Slide 27 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Life Cycle of Ferns Frond Mature sporophyte (2N) Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte embryo (2N) Developing sporophyte (2N) Sporangium (2N)

28. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 28 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 22–3

29. End Show Slide 29 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 22–3 Plant cells specialized to conduct water are called a.tracheids. b.veins. c.sori. d.phloem.

30. End Show Slide 30 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 22–3 The presence of vascular tissue enables a plant to a.carry on photosynthesis. b.carry on lactic acid fermentation. c.conduct water and nutrients. d.make chlorophyll.

31. End Show Slide 31 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 22–3 Ferns are different from mosses because they a.carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll. b.have vascular tissue to conduct water and nutrients. c.help expose more of the plant’s surface area to sunlight. d.exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere.

32. End Show Slide 32 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 22–3 Club mosses and horsetails are similar to ferns because they have a.vascular tissue. b.seeds. c.sori. d.fronds.

33. End Show Slide 33 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 22–3 When fern spores germinate, they develop into a.diploid gametophytes. b.haploid gametophytes. c.haploid sporophytes. d.diploid sporophytes.

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