1. Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. Anatomy Describes structures of the body: What they are made of
Where they are located
Associated structures

3. Physiology Is the study of: Functions of anatomical structures
Individual and cooperative functions

4. KEY CONCEPT
All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures
These functions follow standard physical and mechanical principles

5. Specialties of Anatomy
Gross anatomy:
Examines large, visible structures:
Surface anatomy:
Exterior features
Regional anatomy:
Body areas
Systemic anatomy:
Groups of organs working together

6. Specialties of Anatomy
Developmental:
Embryology
Microscopic anatomy:
Cells and molecules:
Cytology:
Cells and their structures
Histology:
Tissues and their structures

7. Organization from Simple to Complex (1 of 2)
Atoms the smallest chemical units
Molecules groups of atoms working together
Organelles groups of molecules working together
Cells group of organelles working together

8. Simple to Complex (2 of 2) Tissues similar cells working together
Organs different tissues working together
Organ systems a group of organs working together
Organism is an individual

9. The 11 Organ Systems Endocrine Neurological Skeletal Muscular
Integumentary
Renal
Cardiac
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Reproductive

10. KEY CONCEPT The body is divided into 11 organ systems
All organ systems work together

11. KEY CONCEPT Homeostasis:
All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)

12. KEY CONCEPT
Failure to function within a normal range results in disease

13. Mechanisms of Regulation
Autoregulation:
Intrinsic
Automatic response in: cell, tissue, or organ
Extrinsic regulation:
Responses controlled by:
Nervous system
Endocrine systems

14. Maintaining Normal Limits
Figure 1–3

15. Maintaining Normal Limits
Receptor:
Receives the stimulus
Control center:
Processes the signal & sends instructions
Effector:
Carries out instructions

16. Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus
Figure 1–4

17. Positive Feedback The response of the effector reinforces the stimulus
Figure 1–5

18. System Integration: Working Together
Table 1–1

19. KEY CONCEPT Homeostasis: Physiological systems work to restore balance
A state of equilibrium:
Opposing forces working in balance
Physiological systems work to restore balance
Failure results in disease or death

20. Anatomical Landmarks
Figure 1–6

21. KEY CONCEPT Anatomical position: Supine: Prone: Facing forward
Hands at sides, palms forward
Supine:
Lying down, face up
Prone:
Lying down, face down

22. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus
Figure 1–7a

23. Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1–7b

24. Abdominopelvic Organs
Figure 1–7c

25. Which Direction?
Figure 1–8

26. Which Direction? Lateral - side view Frontal - front view
Anatomical direction:
Patient’s left or right

27. 3 Dimensions
Figure 1–9

28. The Ventral Body Cavity
Divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Figure 1–10a

29. Dividing the Cavities Thoracic cavity:
Divided by the mediastinum into 2 pleural cavities
Figure 1–10c

30. SUMMARY Structure and function Vocabulary and anatomical terms
Levels of physical organization
Homeostasis and feedback
Systems integration and equilibrium
Dividing and describing the body
Locations and functions of major organ systems