1. Section 1: From Bull Run to Antietam
Chapter 11: The Civil War
Section 1: From Bull Run to Antietam

2. The first shots fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, in April 1861 signaled the start of the nation’s Civil War.
War between the Union states of the North and the Confederate states of the South.

3. The First Battle of Bull Run
AKA Battle of Manassas
Lincoln ordered the Union headed by Gen. Irving McDowell into action
July 16- marched the poorly prepared army into VA
Manassas- important railroad junction

4. Opposed by smaller confederate force under (Pierre Gustave Toutant)P.G.T. Beauregard.
Because of McDowells delays, Beauregard was able to strengthen his army (11,000 men added)

5. McDowell attacked on July 21st
South refused to give up
Led by Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Reinforced by more troops
Sides
35,000 troops on each side
Union 2,900 casualties Confederacy 2,000s
Won by the Confederates in July 1861.

6. More railroad tracks & factories Balanced economy
Preparing for War
North
More railroad tracks & factories
Balanced economy
More money in the bank
Functioning army/ government
2/3 of the population

7. South
Military colleges (officers)
Didn’t need to initiate military action to win the war
Fighting to preserve their way of life

8. Union Military Strategies
After the fall of Sumter, Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of the seceded states
Hoped to keep the south from shipping its cotton to Europe & prevent them from importing goods
Plan was to use troops & gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi & cut off the South
Named the Anaconda Plan

9. Souths basic idea was to prepare & wait (defensive war)
Confederate War Strategies
Souths basic idea was to prepare & wait (defensive war)
War of attrition
One side inflicts continuous losses on the enemy in order to wear down the strength.

10. More successful for the north
Stopped exporting cotton
Sudden loss would cause Great Britain & France to help the south gain its independence
failed

11. Fort Henry & Donelson
Feb Grant advanced south along the Tennessee River
These forts were important water routes into the western Confed.
Feb. 6– Union gunboats pounded Ft Henry into surrender & a few days later Ft Donelson did too

12. The Battle of Shiloh
In April 1862 General Ulysses S. Grant's army was encamped along the Tennessee River just north of the Mississippi border
poised to strike a blow into the heartland of the South. Grant had been at this location for about a month, awaiting the arrival of additional troops under General Buell before he began his march southward.
Twenty miles to the south, in Corinth, Mississippi, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston ordered his troops northward with the plan of attacking Grant before Buell arrived.
The stage was set for one of the Civil War's bloodiest battles.

13. Buell's reinforcements finally arrived during the night as did forces under General William H. Wallace, strengthening the Union lines with 22,500 fresh troops.
With the break of dawn, Grant attacked, pushing the exhausted Confederates steadily back until they finally began a retreat in the early afternoon that left the field to the Union forces.
The confrontation had been a slaughter on both sides.
Corpses littered areas of the battlefield to the extent that, as General Grant described, "it would have been possible to walk across the clearing in any direction stepping on dead bodies without a foot touching the ground." Nearly 100,000 troops had faced each other and almost 24,000 ended as casualties. This horrendous outcome was a wake-up call to the nation announcing that the continuing war would be costly for both sides.

14. April 7th- Union reinforcement arrived overnight
Defeated the South
Casualties
Union 13,000/Confederacy 11,000 including Johnston
Bloodiest single battle- destroyed Northern hopes that war would soon be over

15. The Peninsular Campaign
May 1862
McClellan landed near Norfolk trying to capture Richmond
Strengths- outstanding organizer, excellent strategy & well liked
Weakness- very cautious & never seemed ready to fight

16. Transported 100,000 troops to a peninsula southeast of Richmond
McClellan asked for more troops
Despite urging from Lincoln to act, he didn’t
Waited outside Yorktown for one month

17. May 31st South suddenly attacked
Battle of Seven Pines
(Union victory)

18. The South Attacks
With McClellans forces still threatening Richmond
Jackson pretended to prepare for an attack on Washington
Lincoln cancelled the orders for McClellan’s additional troops to protect the capital

19. Jackson then joined Lee outside Richmond & attacked McClellan called the Seven Days’ Battle
(Confederate Victory)

20. Second Battle of Bull Run
Gen. John Pope was put in overall command (north)
Lee divided his army & sent Jackson north in a sweeping movement around Pope’s position
Struck behind Pope’s army & destroyed supplies

21. Pope ordered an attack on Jackson while Lee attacked
Confederate victory & McClellan was returned to command

22. The Battle of Antietam Outcome:
The result of the battle was inconclusive but the north did win a strategic advantage. 23,100 casualties.
Significance of the Battle of Antietam:
The Battle of Antietam forced the Confederate Army to retreat back across the Potomac River.
Bloodiest day of the Civil War.