1. General Introduction Excretory Organs Lungs Liver Skin Kidneys

2. Functions of the Urinary System A. Conserves Valuable Nutrients B. Separates/Eliminates Wastes C. Regulates Blood Volume and Blood Pressure D. Regulates Ion Levels In Plasma E. Regulates Blood pH

3. Organs of the Urinary System Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

4. Kidneys: Location Retroperitoneal

5. Kidneys: Structure Renal capsule Several layers of fat

6. Kidneys: Structure 2 layers: Cortex Medulla

7. Kidneys: Structure Calyx Renal Pelvis Renal Hilus

8. Nephron Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule

9. Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule

10. Bowman’s Capsule Podocytes Pedicels Filtration Slits

11. Collecting Duct

12. Summary of Flow of Fluid Glomerular capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Renal papilla Calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Bladder Urethra Out of body

13. Kidneys: Function Filter wastes and produce urine by: Filtration Reabsorption Secretion

14. Ureters: Structure Mucosa: epithelium Muscularis: two layers Adventitia: connective tissue a = lumen b= mucosa c = circular muscle layer d = longitudinal muscle layer e = adventitia

15. Ureters: Structure

16. Ureters: Function Carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

17. Urinary Bladder: Structure Mucosa (rugae) Muscularis (Detrusor muscle) Adventitia

18. Urinary Bladder: Function Stores and expels urine

19. Urethra: Structure Mucosa Muscularis Adventitia

20. Urethra: Function Transports urine from bladder to outside body

21. Female Urethra

22. Male Urethra Prostatic Membranous Spongy/Penile

23. Blood Flow Through the Kidney (A RAGE PRV I) A bdominal Aorta R enal Artery A fferent Arterioles G lomerular Capillaries E fferent Arterioles P eritubular Capillaries V asa Recta R enal Vein I nferior Vena Cava

24. Tubular Section of Nephron Figure 23.4b

25. Regulation of Water and Electrolytes The body gains water through 2 processes 1. Absorption 2. Metabolism

26. Water Loss Urinary System Lungs Skin Intestines

27. Cardiac Output and Renal Function Cardiac Output = Stroke volume (ml)  Heart Rate (beats/min)

28. Hormones that Regulate Electrolyte Balance Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin) Renal-Angiotensin Aldosterone Erythropoetin Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

29. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Released in response to increase in concentration of electrolytes in blood or a fall in blood volume or pressure ADH decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys, which reduces the concentration of electrolytes. ADH also constricts peripheral blood vessels, which helps to increase blood pressure.

30. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone The enzyme renin is released by kidney in response to a decrease in blood volume, blood pressure or both. Renin starts chain of reactions that lead to formation of hormone in liver called angiotensin II. AG II stimulates adrenal cortex to make aldosterone and posterior pituitary gland to make ADH. Both inhibit salt and water loss at kidneys resulting in increased blood volume and blood pressure.

31. Erthyropoietin Released by kidneys in response to low O2 levels Stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow. Increase number of RBCs elevates blood volume.

32. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone Cells in right atrium make this hormone in response to increased blood volume. Stimulates loss of sodium ions and water at the kidneys Inhibits renin release Inhibits secretion of ADH and aldosterone Result is reduced blood volume and blood pressure.