1. BIRTH ORDER From ADLER To SULLOWAY A 32-year Review of Literature
With A Biopsychosocial Approach

2. Methodological Standpoints in Birth Order Studies
Between-Family Studies:
Birth Order As A Dependent Variable
(Bythaway B. A Statistical Trap Associated With Family Size. Journal of Biosocial Sciences 6: )
Birth Order As An Independent Variable
(Kinsolving Dl, Bone Rn. Firstborns, only children, sex and field independence. Psychological Reports, 29: )
Within-Family Studies:
Comparison Of Sibs Within the Same Sibship

3. Biopsychosocial Approach to Birth Order Implications
Biological Implications:
IImplications to Growth and Development of Fetus and Infant
Implications to Epidemiology of General Medical Diseases
Implications to Laterality
Implications to Intelligence and Mental Functioning
Implications to Language Development, Neurocognitive Status, Communication Skills, and Perceptual Motor Performance
Psychological Implications:
Implications to Attachment System, Parent-child Relationship, and Favoritism
Implications to Temperament, Personality, Attributional Styles, and Psychopathology
Implications to Adjustment System, Response to Stress, and Accident Proneness
Implications to Epidemiology of Major Psychiatric Illnesses
Implications to Sexual Identity and Behavior
Biological Implications:
Implications to Interpersonal Relationship
Implications to Social Position, Occupation, and Achievement

4. BIRTH ORDER
Implications to Intelligence

5. Environmental Hypothesis
Ernst C, Angst J. Birth order : It’s influences on personality. By Springer-Verlag 1983
Zybert P, Stein Z, Belmont L. Maternal Age and Children’s Ability. Perceptual and Motor Skills 47: , 1978
Nichols Rc, Davis Ja. Characteristics of Students of High Academic Aptitude. Pers Guid J 42:
Altus WD. Birth order and Scholastic Aptitude. Psychological Reports 16:956, 1965
Belmont L., Marolla F.A. Birth Order, Family Size, And Intelligence. Science, 182:
Belmont L; Wittes J; Stein Z. Relation Of Birth Order, Family Size And Social Class To Psychological Functions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45(3 Pt 2): Dec
Belmont L,Stein Z,Zybert P. Child Spacing And Birth Order: Effect On Intellectual Ability In Two-Child Families. Science,202(4371): Dec 1
Zajonc RB, Markus GB. Birth Order And Intellectual Development. Psychological Review, 82:
Zajonc RB, Markus H, Markus GB. The Birth Order Puzzle. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8): Aug
Zajonc RB. Family Configuration and Intelligence. Science 192: , 1986
Zajonc RB, Mullally PR. Birth Order : Reconciling Conflicting Effects. American Psychologist 52:

6. Birth Order Effects Nested Within Family Size
Family Size Effects Nested Within Birth Order

9. Environmental Hypothesis
Page EB, Grandon GM. Family Configuration and Mental Ability: Two Theories Contrasted with US Data. American Educational Research Journal 16:
Velandina W, Grandon GM, Page EB. Family Size, Birth Order, and Intelligence in a Large South American Sample. American Educational Research Journal 15:
Davis DJ, Cahan S, Bashi J. Birth Order And Intellectual Development: The Confluence Model In The Light Of Cross-Cultural Evidence. Science, 196(4297): Jun 24
Duncan GJ, Brooks-Gunn J, Klebanov PK. Economic Deprivation And Early Childhood Development. Child Development 65: , 1994

10. Biological and Genetic Hypothesis
Jensen AR. Cumulative Defeicit: A Testable Hypothesis? Developmental Psychology 10: , 1974
Jensen AR. The Nature of Black-White Difference on Various Psychometric Tests: Spearman’s Hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8: , 1985
Turkheimer E. Individual and Group Differences in Adoption Studies of IQ. Psycholohgical Bulletin 110: , 1991
Foster JW, Archer SJ. Birth Order And Intelligence: An Immunological Interpretation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48(1): Feb
Yeates KO, Mcphee D, Campbell FA, Ramey CT. Maternal IQ and Home Environment as Determinants of Early Childhood Intellectual Competence: A Developmental Analysis. Developmental Psychology 19: , 1983

11. Percent of Women with Cytotoxic HLA Antibodies in Serum

12. Cultural Test Bias Hypothesis
Helms JE. Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing? American Psychologist 47: , 1992
Rodgers JL. What Causes Birth Order-Intelligence Patterns? The Admixture Hypothesis, Revived. American Psychologist 56(6-7): , 2001
Rodgers JL, Cleveland HH, Van Den Oord E, Rowe DC. Resolving The Debate Over Birth Order, Family Size, And Intelligence. American Psychologist 55(6): , 2001
Rodgers JL, Cleveland HH, Van Den Oord E, Rowe DC. Birth Order And Intelligence: Together Again For The Last Time? American Psychologist 56(6-7): , 2001
Downey DB. Number Of Siblings And Intellectual Development - The Resource Dilution Explanation . American Psychologist 56(6-7): , 2001
Guo G, Vanwey LK. Sibship Size And Intellectual Development: Is The Relationship Causal? American Sociological Review 64(2): , 1999

13. Verbal Intelligence vs. Emotional Intelligence
Dickson WP. The Development of Interpersonal Referential Communication Skills in Young Children Using An Interactional Game Device. Diss Abstr Int 35-A:3511, 1974
Nelson K. Individual Differences in Language Development: Implications for Development and Language. Developmental Psychology 17: , 1981
Jensen AR. The Nature of Black-White Difference on Various Psychometric Tests: Spearman’s Hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8: , 1985
Pine JM. Variation In Vocabulary Development As A Function Of Birth-Order. Child Development 66(1): , 1995
Morand DA. Family Size And Intelligence Revisited: The Role Of Emotional Intelligence. Psychological Reports 84(2): , 1999

14. BIRTH ORDER
Implications to Character, Personality, Concepts, and Life Style

15. Personality Psychology
Paradigms in
Personality Psychology
Psychoanalytic Paradigm
Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology
Heinz Kohut Concept of Narcissism
Trait
Cognitive Information Processing and Social Cognitive Theory
Biological Trends Involving Evolutionary Psychology

16. Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler’s
Individual Psychology
Feeling of Community
Necessary Interdependence
Feeling of Interconnectedness
Final Goal
Feeling of Inferiority
Plus and Minus Situations
Main Tasks : Work , Community, Love
Style of Life
Psychopathologic Conditions:
Insufficiently Developed Feeling of Community
Exaggerated Feeling of Inferiority
Physical Handicap
Family Dynamics
Parenting Style
Position in the family constellation
Societal Influences

17. Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler’s
Individual Psychology
Traits Associated to first- and Laterborns
First Borns Laterborns
Protector and Leader, creative Ready to cooperate
Strong trend to achieve Extremely ambitious
Power hungry, conservative Inclined to new ideas
Introspective Extraverted
Adult-oriented Peer-oriented, empathizing, popular
Interest in abstract thought Interested in practical problems
Rebellious
Resigned
Vulnerable and uncertain Harmonious and leisurely
Low self-esteem
Fearful, dependent, affiliative
Indirect expression of Aggression Direct expression of Aggression
Strongly sex-typed
From Ernst C, Angst J. Birth order : It’s influences on personality. By Springer-Verlag 1983

18. Academic Achievement
White J; Campbell L; Stewart A. Associations Of Scores On The White-Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory And The Kern Lifestyle Scale. Psychological Reports, 77(3 Pt 2): Dec
Belmont L; Stein Za; Wittes Jt. Birth Order, Family Size And School Failure. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 18(4): Aug
Sputa Cl; Paulson SE. Birth Order And Family Size: Influences On Adolescents' Achievement And Related Parenting Behaviors. Psychological Reports, 76(1): Feb
Nystul Ms. Response To Sputa And Paulsons Birth-Order And Family-Size - Influences On Adolescents Achievement And Related Parenting Behaviors. Psychological Reports 1995, Vol 76, Iss 3, Pp
Vaneijck K; Degraaf Pm The Effects Of Family Structure On The Educational Attainment Of Siblings In Hungary. European Sociological Review, 11(3): , 1995
Travis R; Kohli V. The Birth Order Factor: Ordinal Position, Social Strata, And Educational Achievement. Journal Of Social Psychology, 135(4): Aug
Downey Db. When Bigger Is Not Better - Family-Size, Parental Resources, And Childrens Educational Performance. American Sociological Review, 60(5): , 1995
Parker WD. Birth-Order Effects In The Academically Talented. Gifted Child Quarterly, 42(1):29-38, 1998
Binder M. Family Background, Gender And Schooling In Mexico. Journal Of Development Studies, 35(2):54-71, 1998.
Conley D. Sibship Sex Composition: Effects On Educational Attainment. Social Science Research 29(3): , 2000.

19. Social Leadership
Newman J; Taylor A. Family Training For Political-Leadership - Birth-Order Of United-States State Governors And Australian Prime Ministers. Political Psychology, 15(3): , 1994
McCann SJH. The Extended American Social, Economic, And Political Threat Index ( ). Journal Of Psychology, 132(4): , 1998
McCann SJH. Birth Order Of Past Presidents And Schlesinger's History Cycles: Support For Stewart's Leadership Theory. Psychological Reports, 88(2): , 2001
Steinberg BS. The Making Of Female Presidents And Prime Ministers: The Impact Of Birth Order, Sex Of Siblings, And Father-Daughter Dynamics. Political Psychology, 22(1):89-110, 2001

20. Other Characteristics
Eyring WE 3rd; Sobelman S. Narcissism And Birth Order. Psychological Reports, 78(2): Apr
Zemanek Je Jr; Claxton Rp; Zemanek Wh Greenville, Relationship Of Birth Order And The Marketing-Related Variable Of Materialism. Psychological Reports, 86(2): Apr
Manaster Gj; Rhodes C. The Role Of Birth Order In The Acculturation Of Japanese Americans. Psychologia 1998, Vol 41, Iss 3, Pp