1. Module 25 & 26 Theories of Personality

2. Personality A person’s broad, long-lasting patterns of behavior

3. Psychoanalytic Theory A theory that personality is based on impulses and needs in the unconscious (hidden forces)

4. Sigmund Freud Core of ones personality appears within the first five or six years of life and is more or less fixed by that age. Unconscious: according to psychoanalytic belief, the part of the mind that is beyond consciousness. Although we are unaware of its contents, they strongly affect our behavior Talking Cure: Talking to someone about a subject for a longtime. Free Association: Freudian process in which a person says everything that appears in his or her mind, even if the ideas or images seem unconnected. Repression: the process of pushing the needs and desires that cause guild into the unconscious. Limbido: Freudian term for internal forces that continuously seek discharge.

5. Freud’s Map of the Mind

6. Id: Freudian Psychological unit containing basic needs and drives –Major energy forces(limbido) –Unconscious –Unconcerned about anything but own desires –Without it we could not survive Sexual and aggressive impulses Note eat when hungry Defend ourselves if attacked

7. Superego: Freudian psychological unit roughly synonymous with the conscience –Feel guilt for bad and pride for good –Develops from punishments and rewards we receive from parents –Needed but needs to be kept in check because it only exists for what it wants and would lets us die rather than break a rule

8. Ego: Freudian psychological unit that is based in reality; the “self” that allows controlled it expressions within the boundaries set by the superego –Pays attention to reality and monitors what is going on in the environment –Controller of balance

9. Freud’s Stages of Development Oral Stage: Birth to 1 1/2 –Feeding and weaning are the child main issues Anal Stage: 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 –Toilet training is the child’s major concern Phallic Stage: 2 1/2 to 5 or 6 –Child experiences romantic interest in the opposite-sex parent and hostility toward the same-sex parent (Oedipus Complex) Latency Stage: 6 to Preadolescence –Child’s earlier conflicts are hidden or go below the surface Genital Stage: Adolescence Onward –Individual seeks an appropriate marital partner and earlier conflicts reappear

10. Carl Jung The unconscious is a well of mystical and religious beliefs that controls our behavior Archetypes: Jung’s term for inherited universal human concepts Collective Unconscious: Jung’s term for the portion of a person that contains ideas or archetypes shared by the whole human race Persona: Jung’s term for a “mask” people wear to hide what they really are or feel

11. Social Psychoanalytic Theories Neo-Freudians: those psychoanalysts who broke away for Freud to emphasize social forces in the unconscious

12. Assessment of Neo-Freudians Social forces not just biological drives Erikson’s theory is especially helpful in suggesting the possibility that we all have a chance to “repair” ourselves as we go along in life and are not stuck with something from childhood.

13. Behaviorism A personality theory that focuses on overt acts or behaviors

14. Assessment of Behaviorism Skinner short changes the human’s ability to think We learn many behaviors just because they have been reinforced by positive consequences and associations

15. Humanistic Theories A personality theory that emphasizes the positive potential of the person

16. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Believed we are all basically good not sinful He said the biggest problem we have is living up to what he called the ideal self. –Ideal Self: the goal of each person’s development; the self each person would like to be When we have united what we should be with what we are we have become a fully functioning individual

17. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Self-actualized: state of having brought to life the full potential of our skills

18. Assessment of Humanism Humanism is very up beat; it make us feel good, positively encourages people to take charge of their own fate in a reasonable fashion. Critics argue it goes to far in a positive direction. Too vague and simple.

19. Trait Theories Personality Traits: more or less permanent personality characteristics

20. Gordon Allport 1897-1967 Cardinal traits: very strong personality characteristics that affect most of what a person does Central traits: personality traits that are highly characteristic of a person Secondary traits: weak personality traits that appear only on occasions

21. Raymond Cattell 1905-1998 Surface traits: characteristics that can be easily observed by others Source traits: personality traits that underlie surface behavior

22. Hans Eysenck 1916-1997 Extraversion: personality dimension of being outgoing and sociable Emotional Stability: Personality dimension that concerns how much a person is affected by feelings

23. Examining Personality Traits

24. Major Permanent Traits Set by early 20s The Five-Factor Model –Extraversion: how out going a person is –Agreeableness –Conscientiousness: will to achieve –Emotional Stability –Openness to experience

25. Characteristics that Stay the Same Degree of friendliness How eager people are to do different things How comfortable or anxious they feel

26. 50% of the Total Personality is Controlled by Heredity