1. The Duel for North America THEME: As part of their world wide rivalry, Great Britain and France engaged in a great struggle for colonial control of North America, culminating in the British victory in the French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) that drove France from the continent. The French defeat created conditions for a growing conflict between Britain and its American colonies.

2. LINKS PBS Series Fort Frederick Fort Cumberland Routes West

3. Map: European Claims in North America European Claims in North America The dramatic results of the British victory in the Seven Years (French and Indian) War are vividly demonstrated in these maps, which depict the abandonment of French claims to the mainland after the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

5. Competition for the Ohio Fr, Marquette, SJ – 1 st European to explore great lakes and Mississippi 1749, Virginia speculators in Ohio Company claim 500,000 acres in Ohio Valley 1754, George Washington, surveyor, leads 150 Virginia Militiamen to resists French movement on Ohio, esp. For Duquesne Washington loses Fort Necessity Seven Years War begins – global conflict “America was conquered in Germany.” William Pitt 1754 Albany Congress – seeks colonial unity, Indian alliances Union achieved in theory, not in fact

6. Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap by George Caleb Bingham Bingham's is the best known of the many prints and paintings depicting this singular moment in colonial westward expansion. (Washington University Art Gallery) Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap by George Caleb Bingham Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. Conflict in Europe, Conflict in Americas France and Spain frequently ally against Britain France allies with Native Americans, guerrilla style conflict in New World King William’s War, 1689-1697 Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713 Britain extends control, Treaty of Utrecht 1713 King George’s War, 1744-1748 French and Indian War, 1754-1763 Note: Acadians

8. Franklin’s Cartoon, Pennsylvania Gazette

9. http://www2.uiuc.edu/unit/armyrotc/program/mils123/necessity/fort.bmp Fort Necessity, May 1754 (reconstruction)

10. Map: The Seven Years War in America The Seven Years War in America After experiencing major defeats early in the war, Anglo-American forces turned the tide against the French by taking Fort Duquesne in late 1757 and Louisbourg in 1758. After Canada fell in 1760, the fighting shifted to Spain's Caribbean colonies. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

11. http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/braddock-map-l.jpg http://reenacting.net/images/graphics/braddock2.jpg http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/george-washington-l.jpg BRADDOCK ROAD

12. http://www.republiquelibre.org/cousture/images6/PONTIAC1.JPG http://www.hsp.org/files/fortduquesnewatercolor.jpg Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)

13. Braddock’s Defeat 1755 Gen. Braddock, 2,000 men march on Fort Duquesne Mix of colonial militia and Regulars Braddock’s slow moving forces decimated by French and Indian forces, flanking Frontier goes up in flames, Indian raiding parties move uncontested Britian’s invasion of Canada, 1756, fails http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/braddock-no-1-map.jpg

14. William Pitt 1757, Pitt becomes leader in Parliament 1758, Pitt organizes attacks on Montreal & Quebec, Louisbourg 1758 Fort Duquesne falls, renamed Pittsburgh Pitt puts James Wolfe in charge of taking Quebec Montcalm defends Quebec for France 1759 Quebec falls, Wolfe and Montcalm killed Battle for Quebec is one of most significant engagements in British and American history Montreal falls 1760 http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/pitt3.jpg

15. http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/wm/wm8p34.jpg

16. Peace? Line of Demarcation 1763 France thrown off continent entirely Spain given possession of New Orleans and trans- Mississippi Louisiana Spain loses Florida, regains Cuba Great Britain dominant in North America and at sea Friction growing b/w Britain and Colonials Growing smuggling Colonies fail to unite Pontiac’s Uprising – Increasing tension with N. Americans Cost of War leads to increasing friction with Britain

17. Map: European Settlements and Indians, 1754 http://www.sbg.ac.at/ges/people/wagnleitner/usa1/slide/early_settlements_1750.jpg European Settlements and Indian tribes 1750

18. Pontiac’s Uprising http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pontiac%27s_war.png

19. Colonies and Britain Grow Apart Line of Demarcation inhibits movement west!!! This angers Colonials greatly. 10,000 British troops stationed in colony Quartering of troops angers colonists Cost of troops in Colonies heavy burden for Great Britain George Grenville becomes Prime Minister in 1763 Conflict over Smuggling and Searches of Private Property 1764 Sugar Act Seeds of Rebellion

20. Sugar Act WHO: Passed by George Grenville, British Prime Minister WHAT: Halved duties on molasses (to discourage smuggling) Created new duties on imports (to raise more $) Smuggling cases now to be heard in British Admiralty Courts, not colonial courts with colonial juries WHEN: 1764 WHERE: British Colonies WHY: Britain needed money to pay her huge debt from the French and Indian War and on-going cost of protecting the Frontier.