2. Severe failure in the regulation of genes (Mutations) that code for cell division

3. Cancer Characteristics Lack Differentiation – “Immortal” due to repeated division, normal cells do not repair the mutation – Not Specialized = No purpose to any body part, does use nutrients from the body Have Abnormal Nuclei – - Genes are mutated and contain excessive number of chromosomes Form Tumors – Abnormal mass of cells that invade surrounding tissues and disrupt normal cellular mitosis

4. Microscopic Appearance of Cancer Cells

5. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation Uncontrolled growth Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage— no repair Normal cell division

6. Hyperplasia Normal

7. Dysplasia HyperplasiaMild dysplasiaNormal

8. Carcinoma in Situ Mild dysplasia Carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia) Cancer (invasive) NormalHyperplasia

9. Example of Normal Growth Dermis Dividing cells in basal layer Dead cells shed from outer surface Epidermis

10. The Beginning of Cancerous Growth Underlying tissue

11. Tumors (Neoplasms) Underlying tissue

12. Invasion and Metastasis 3 Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location 1 Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels 2 Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites

14. Cancer Cells divide uncontrollably and produce an excess of tissue – Benign Tumors NOT cancerous. Does not spread to other parts of the body or invade and destroy nearby tissue. Benign tumors usually grow slowly. Generally, not harmful. However, this is not always the case. If a benign tumor is big enough, its size and weight can press on nearby blood vessels, nerves, or organs, or otherwise cause problems – Malignant tumor can be fatal Cancer cells compete with normal cells for nutrients, blood, and energy eventually causing normal cells to atrophy The spreading of cancer is known as Metastasis which allows cells to spread to other parts of the body Cancer cells usually spread via the bloodstream or the lymph system

15. Causation

16. Environmental & Genetic Chromosomes are DNA molecules Heredity Radiation Chemicals Viruses Chemicals & Radiation -Damage the genes Virus -Introduces own genes Heredity -Passes on alterations in genes

17. Mutations and Cancer Genes Implicated in Cancer

20. Oncogenes are Mutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes Cell proliferation driven by internal oncogene signaling Transcription Activated gene regulatory protein Inactive intracellular signaling protein Signaling protein from active oncogene Inactive growth factor receptor

22. DNA Repair Genes Cancer No cancer No DNA repair Normal DNA repair Base pair mismatch TCATC AGTCG TCAGC AGTCG AGTGAGTAG TCATCTCATC

23. Cancer Causing Viruses HTLV-1 – Attacks killer T-cells in leukocytes and impairs Lymphatic system  T-Cell Leukemia HIV – Directly attacks Helper T cells which are responsible for stimulating B Lymphocytes antibody production Epstein Barr (EBV) – Hodgkin’s Lymphoma – Burkitt’s Lymphoma Hepatitis B (HBV) – Liver Cancer Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Cervical Cancer Herpes Simplex 2 – Cancer of the cervix

25. Different Kinds of Cancer Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Some common sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle Lymphomas: Lymph nodes Leukemias: Bloodstream Some common carcinomas:

26. Naming Cancers PrefixMeaning adeno-gland chondro-cartilage erythro-red blood cell hemangio-blood vessels hepato-liver lipo-fat lympho-lymphocyte melano-pigment cell myelo-bone marrow myo-muscle osteo-bone Cancer Prefixes Point to Location

27. Necrosis – Death of a cell or a group of cells Atrophy – Decrease in cellular size and corresponding organs or tissues Neoplasm – Abnormal formation or growth Common Cancer Terms

28. Melanoma Destruction melanocytes Lymphoma Destruction of lymph nodes Carcinoma Malignant tumor hat arises from epithelial cells Sarcoma Muscle or connective tissue cancer Leukemia Destruction of Leukacytes (WBC)

29. Signs / Symptoms

30. Got Pain? 1.Nerve Pressure 2.Passageway Obstruction 3.Vital Organ Malfunction

31. Problems with Diagnosing Cancer – Vague See next slide for common symptoms – Depends on size, location, and which organs are being affected – Asymptomatic – Symptoms can be misleading Symptoms of Cancer Subjective

32. Common Symptoms Fever Aches Weakness Weight Loss Cough Pain Headaches Irritable Behavior Change Inconsistent Digestion Rash Lumps Skin Color Change Mental Problems Abnormal CBC

33. Signs of Cancer Objective

37. Diagnosis Biopsy X-Ray CBC Angiography Pap Smear Mammogram Colonoscopy/Endoscopy Fecal Occult Blood Test

38. Biopsy – Removal and microscopic examination of tissues from the body

41. After cancer has been diagnosed, doctors ask the following three questions to determine how far the disease has progressed: 1. How large is the tumor, and how deeply has it invaded surrounding tissues? 2. Have cancer cells spread to regional lymph nodes? 3. Has the cancer spread (metastasized) to other regions of the body? After cancer has been diagnosed, doctors ask the following three questions to determine how far the disease has progressed: 1. How large is the tumor, and how deeply has it invaded surrounding tissues? 2. Have cancer cells spread to regional lymph nodes? 3. Has the cancer spread (metastasized) to other regions of the body?

44. Stage 0 – carcinoma in situ. Stage I – cancers are localized to one part of the body. Stage II – cancers are locally advanced. Stage III – cancers are also locally advanced. Whether a cancer is designated as Stage II or Stage III can depend on the specific type of cancer; for example, in Hodgkin's Disease, Stage II indicates affected lymph nodes on only one side of the diaphragm, whereas Stage III indicates affected lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm. The specific criteria for Stages II and III therefore differ according to diagnosis. Stage IV – cancers have often metastasized, or spread to other organs or throughout the body

45. Treatments

46. Common Cancer Treatments Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy Bone Marrow Transplant Targeted Therapy Immunotherapy