1. Chapter 7 The Industrial Revolution Begins By: John-Mason Tasaka

2. Section 1 A turning point in history The people of 1750 worked the land using handmade tools. The people of 1750 worked the land using handmade tools. They lived in simpler cottages lit by firelight from candles. They lived in simpler cottages lit by firelight from candles. They had to grow their own food and crops. They had to grow their own food and crops. They had to make clothes and would exchange them with nearby villages. They had to make clothes and would exchange them with nearby villages.

3. Continue… They didn't’t know what the world around them looked like. They didn't’t know what the world around them looked like. Few would leave their home to travel as far as their feet or horse-drawn carriages would take them. Few would leave their home to travel as far as their feet or horse-drawn carriages would take them. Rural ways of life began to disappear with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Rural ways of life began to disappear with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Many country villages began to turn into industrial cities and towns. Many country villages began to turn into industrial cities and towns.

4. Continue... Food and clothing was bought by the inhabitants from stores that offered large varieties of machine made goods. Food and clothing was bought by the inhabitants from stores that offered large varieties of machine made goods. Industrial-age travelers moved rapidly between countries and continents by train or steamship. Industrial-age travelers moved rapidly between countries and continents by train or steamship. Urgent messages were flown across the telegraph wires. Urgent messages were flown across the telegraph wires. Between 1830-1850 an American dentist used an anesthetic. Between 1830-1850 an American dentist used an anesthetic. Anesthetic: Drug used to prevent pain during surgery. Anesthetic: Drug used to prevent pain during surgery.

5. A New Agricultural Revolution The Industrial Revolution was was made possible by a change of farming fields of Western Europe. The Industrial Revolution was was made possible by a change of farming fields of Western Europe. The first agricultural revolution took place around 11,000 years ago. The first agricultural revolution took place around 11,000 years ago. 300 years ago another agricultural revolution took place. 300 years ago another agricultural revolution took place. It improved the quality and quantity or food products from farms. It improved the quality and quantity or food products from farms.

6. Improved Methods of Farming The Dutch led the way in this new agricultural evolution. The Dutch led the way in this new agricultural evolution. Dikes were built to reclaim land from the sea. Dikes were built to reclaim land from the sea. Combined smaller fields into larger ones to make better use of land. Combined smaller fields into larger ones to make better use of land. Used fertilizer from animals for soil. Used fertilizer from animals for soil. British farmers expanded on Dutch experiments British farmers expanded on Dutch experiments They mixed 2 different soils to to get higher crop yields. They mixed 2 different soils to to get higher crop yields.

7. Continue… Lord Charles Townshend urged farmers to grow turnips. Lord Charles Townshend urged farmers to grow turnips. Turnips restored exhaust soil. Turnips restored exhaust soil. The seed drill was invented by Jenthro Tull to aid farmers. The seed drill was invented by Jenthro Tull to aid farmers. Used to deposit seeds into rows rather than scattering them wastefully over the land. Used to deposit seeds into rows rather than scattering them wastefully over the land.

8. Enclosure Movement Enclosure: The process of taking land and fencing off land formerly shared y peasant farmers. Enclosure: The process of taking land and fencing off land formerly shared y peasant farmers. In the 1500s they enclosed land to gain pastures for sheep and increase in wool. In the 1500s they enclosed land to gain pastures for sheep and increase in wool. 1700s they created larger fields for more cultivation efficiency. 1700s they created larger fields for more cultivation efficiency. Millions of acres were enclosed. Millions of acres were enclosed. Profits rose because of larger fields. Profits rose because of larger fields. Laborer weren't needed as much on larger fields. Laborer weren't needed as much on larger fields. Many landowners were kicked off their land because they couldn’t keep up with the larger plantations. Many landowners were kicked off their land because they couldn’t keep up with the larger plantations.

9. The Population Expulsion The agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of population. The agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of population. Precise population statistics from the 1700s are rare. Precise population statistics from the 1700s are rare. Britain went from 5 million to 9 million within 100 years. Britain went from 5 million to 9 million within 100 years. More declining death rates and than birthrates. More declining death rates and than birthrates.

10. New Technology An energy Revolution: Energy for work was provided by mostly muscles of humans and animals. Energy for work was provided by mostly muscles of humans and animals. Wind mills, water mills, were added to muscle power. Wind mills, water mills, were added to muscle power. A vital power source people began to harness was coal. A vital power source people began to harness was coal. Coal was used to make power for the steam engine. Coal was used to make power for the steam engine.

11. Improved Iron Coal was a vital source of of fuel in the production of iron. Coal was a vital source of of fuel in the production of iron. Needed for construction of machines and steam engines. Needed for construction of machines and steam engines. The Darby Family of Coalbrookdale pioneered new methods of producing iron. The Darby Family of Coalbrookdale pioneered new methods of producing iron. Abraham Darby used coal to smelt iron and separate iron from its ore. Abraham Darby used coal to smelt iron and separate iron from its ore. Smelt: Separates iron from its ore. Smelt: Separates iron from its ore.

12. Continue… Darby realized that coal would ruin the iron giving it impurities. Darby realized that coal would ruin the iron giving it impurities. Darby found a way to remove the impurities from coal. Darby found a way to remove the impurities from coal. His sons continued to improve this method. His sons continued to improve this method. Widely used for building rain roads. Widely used for building rain roads.

13. Section 2 Britain Leads The Way Why Britain? Key factors Resources Resources New Technology New Technology Economic Conditions Economic Conditions Political and Social Conditions Political and Social Conditions

14. Continue… Resources Britain was a small nation with a large supply of coal. Britain was a small nation with a large supply of coal. Used coal to power steam engines. Used coal to power steam engines. Plentiful with iron to build new machines. Plentiful with iron to build new machines. Large number of minors Large number of minors Mind for iron and coal Mind for iron and coal Built more factories, and machines Built more factories, and machines Many farm laborers were freed Many farm laborers were freed 1600-1700 population bloom 1600-1700 population bloom

15. Continue… New Technology Britain had many skilled mechanics Britain had many skilled mechanics Eager to meet the growing demand for new inventions. Eager to meet the growing demand for new inventions. Technology was important in the Industrial Revolution. Technology was important in the Industrial Revolution. Greeks and Chinese had advanced technology but did not move into the industrialization. Greeks and Chinese had advanced technology but did not move into the industrialization.

16. Continue… Economic Conditions Over-seas trading with an empire helped the British economy prosper. Over-seas trading with an empire helped the British economy prosper. Trade beginning with slave trade Trade beginning with slave trade The business class accumulated capital. The business class accumulated capital. Capital: Wealth to invest in enterprise such as shipping, mines, railroads, and factories. Capital: Wealth to invest in enterprise such as shipping, mines, railroads, and factories. Population explosion boosted the demand for goods. Population explosion boosted the demand for goods. Population growth alone would not cause an increased production Population growth alone would not cause an increased production

17. Continue… Political and Social Conditions Britain had a stable government that supported economic growth. Britain had a stable government that supported economic growth. Built a strong navy to protect empire and over-seas trade. Built a strong navy to protect empire and over-seas trade. Religious attitudes played a role Religious attitudes played a role Many entrepreneurs were from religion groups Many entrepreneurs were from religion groups They encouraged thrift and hard work They encouraged thrift and hard work People focused on worldly concerns rather than the afterlife. People focused on worldly concerns rather than the afterlife. Bankers and inventors devoted their time to material achievements. Bankers and inventors devoted their time to material achievements.

18. Continue… Changes in the Textile Industry Britain's largest industry was textiles. Britain's largest industry was textiles. Cotton cloth from India had become popular in the 1600s. Cotton cloth from India had become popular in the 1600s. British merchants tried to organize a cotton cloth industry at home. British merchants tried to organize a cotton cloth industry at home. Developed the putting out system. Developed the putting out system. Raw cotton was distributed Raw cotton was distributed

19. Continue… Major Inventions Under the putting out system production was slow. Under the putting out system production was slow. Demand for cloth grew Demand for cloth grew Inventors came up with a string of remarkable devices that revolutionize British textile industry. Inventors came up with a string of remarkable devices that revolutionize British textile industry. John Kay’s shuttle weaved so fast that it outpaced spinners. John Kay’s shuttle weaved so fast that it outpaced spinners. 1764 the spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves. 1764 the spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves. It spun many threads at once It spun many threads at once Richard Arkwright invented the waterframe. Richard Arkwright invented the waterframe. Used water power to speed up spinning still further Used water power to speed up spinning still further

20. Continue… The First Factories The putting out system was doomed by the new inventions The putting out system was doomed by the new inventions To large and expensive to be operated at home To large and expensive to be operated at home Many fractures built long sheds to house machines. Many fractures built long sheds to house machines. Located sheds near rapidly moving streams to run the water power. Located sheds near rapidly moving streams to run the water power. Later the machines were powered by steam engines. Later the machines were powered by steam engines. Spinners and weavers came to work in the first factories. Spinners and weavers came to work in the first factories. Factories: Places that brought workers together and machines to produce large quantities of goods. Factories: Places that brought workers together and machines to produce large quantities of goods.

21. Continue… Revolution in Transport Productions increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods for production. Productions increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods for production. Some capitalists invested in turnpikes Some capitalists invested in turnpikes Turnpikes: Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them. Turnpikes: Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them. Others had canals dug to link rivers or connect to inland towns with coastal ports. Others had canals dug to link rivers or connect to inland towns with coastal ports. Engineers built stronger bridges and upgraded harbors to help expand trade over seas. Engineers built stronger bridges and upgraded harbors to help expand trade over seas.

22. Continue… On Land The revolution in transportation however was the invention of the steam locomotive. The revolution in transportation however was the invention of the steam locomotive. Made the growth of railroads Made the growth of railroads George Stephen developed steam powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails. George Stephen developed steam powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails. The railroads didn’t have to follow the rivers The railroads didn’t have to follow the rivers They could go places that rivers could not. They could go places that rivers could not. This allowed shipping of goods across land This allowed shipping of goods across land

23. Continue… On Sea Other inventors applied steam power to improve shipping Other inventors applied steam power to improve shipping Robert Fulton who was an American, used Watt’s steam engine to power the Clermont up the Hudson river in New York. Robert Fulton who was an American, used Watt’s steam engine to power the Clermont up the Hudson river in New York. Fulton's steam boat traveled at a record speed of more than five miles an hour. Fulton's steam boat traveled at a record speed of more than five miles an hour. Designing steamships for ocean travel was difficult. Designing steamships for ocean travel was difficult. The coal needed for the voyage took up most of the cargo space. The coal needed for the voyage took up most of the cargo space. By the 1800s steam powered freighters with iron hulls that carried 10 to 20 times the cargo of old wooden ships. By the 1800s steam powered freighters with iron hulls that carried 10 to 20 times the cargo of old wooden ships.

24. Continue… Looking Ahead As the industrial revolution was underway it triggered the chain reaction. As the industrial revolution was underway it triggered the chain reaction. Inventors created machines that could increase produce quantities. Inventors created machines that could increase produce quantities. As supply of goods increased prices fell As supply of goods increased prices fell Lower prices made goods more affordable. Lower prices made goods more affordable.