1. Chapter 8

2. Energy Intake Energy Output Energy Equilibrium Positive Energy Balance Negative Energy Balance

4. Increasing Prevalence of Obesity in U.S. Adults

5.  Regulation of intake ◦ Hunger  Prompts eating; physiological desire ◦ Satiation  Signals to stop eating ◦ Satiety  Lack of hunger ◦ Appetite  Psychological desire

7. A Cascade of Regulation: Hunger Appetite Satiation and Satiety

8.  Diet Composition  Gastrointestinal Sensations  Temperature  Neurological and Hormonal Factors  Environmental and Social Factors

10. 1. Maintain basic physiological functions: breathing, blood circulation, etc. 2. To power physical activity 3. To process food you eat

11.  Major components of energy expenditure ◦ Resting energy expenditure (REE)  Energy for basic body functions  Affected by body size, composition, age, gender ◦ Physical activity  Highly variable  Affected by body size, fitness level, type of activity ◦ Thermic effect of food (TEF)  Energy to digest, absorb, metabolize food

13. Components of Energy Expenditure

14.  Fever* Stress  Total body weight  Smoking * Caffeine  High Lean Body Mass  Rapid growth  Hot & cold ambient temp  Pregnancy, lactation  Hyperthyroidism  Large body surface area  Aging  Female  Fasting/Starvation  Sleep  Hypothyroidism

15.  Estimating REE from body weight, gender, and age  Estimating Total energy expended from REE and physical activity  Harris-Benedict equation ◦ w: 655.1 + 9.56 (wt:kg) + 1.85(ht:cm) - 4.68 (age:yrs) ◦ m: 66.47 + 13.75 (wt:kg) = 5.0 (ht:cm) - 6.76 (age:yrs)  RDA for energy

16. Estimating REE from body weight, sex and age: REE for female, age 18-30= (14.7 x weight (kg)) + 496 wt=130 lbs..=59 kg = (14.7 x 59) + 496 =1363 Harris-Benedict equation 655.1 + 9.56 (kg) + 1.85 (cm) - 4.68 (yrs) 655.1 + 9.56 (59) + 1.85 (167.64) - 4.68 (22) 655.1 + 564 + 310 - 103 =1426 REE x activity level = total energy expenditure REE x 1.3-1.45 (light activity level) = 1363 x 1.3-1.45 = 1771-1976 = 1800-2000 kcals 1426 x 1.3-1.45 = 1853-2067 = 1850-2050 kcals RDA (women age 19-50) = 2,200 kcals (wt. of 121 lbs.)

19.  Assessing body weight ◦ Height-weight tables ◦ Men: 106 lbs + 6 lbs per inch ◦ Women: 100 lbs. + 5 lbs per inch ◦ Body mass index (BMI)  Weight (kg)  height 2 (m)

20.  Definitions ◦ Overweight: BMI between 25-30 ◦ Obesity: BMI > 30 ◦ Underweight: BMI < 18.5  Health risks of overweight and obesity ◦ Heart disease and stroke ◦ Hypertension --Gallbladder disease ◦ Diabetes ---Sleep apnea ◦ Cancer ◦ Osteoarthritis

24.  Women = 20-25% Men = 12-20%  Underwater (or hydrostatic) weighing  BodPod  Skinfold thickness  Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis  DEXA

25. Average Body Composition

27. Visceral Fat and Subcutaneous Fat

28.  Android ◦ greater health risk ◦ high blood lipids, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and high blood pressure  Gynoid  Waist circumference ◦ assess abdominal fatness ◦ BMI 25-34.9, waist >40 inches in men and > 35 inches in women is sign of increased health risk

30.  Early theories of weight regulation ◦ Fat cell theory  Obesity increases number and size of fat cells ◦ Set point theory  Influences on weight gain and obesity ◦ Heredity and genetic factors ◦ Sociocultural influences ◦ Age and lifestyle factors ◦ Gender and ethnicity ◦ Socioeconomic factors ◦ Psychological factors

34.  Weight management is the adoption of healthful and sustainable eating and exercise behaviors indicated for reduced disease risk and improved feelings of energy and well- being

35.  Perception of weight  Setting realistic goals  Weight management lifestyle ◦ Diet and eating habits  Reduce total calories  Reduce fat calories  Increase complex carbohydrates  Improve eating habits ◦ Increase physical activity ◦ Stress management ◦ Self-acceptance

37.  Weight management approaches ◦ Self-help books and manuals  Watch for signs of a fad diet ◦ Self-help groups ◦ Commercial programs ◦ Professional counselors ◦ Prescription drugs ◦ OTC drugs and dietary supplements ◦ Surgery

38. Obesity Promoting Environment

39. Fitness Promoting Environment

43.  Prefer sweets?  3 Hershey's Kisses Brand Special Dark Chocolate, 60 calories 1 package Original Apple Nature Valley Fruit Crisps, 50 calories 1 Late July Organic Dark Chocolate Sandwich Cookie, 50 calories 1 Hostess 100 Calorie Pack: Chocolate Cupcake, 100 calories 30 plain M&M's, 100 calories (one Fun Size packet) 1 package Back to Nature Honey Graham Sticks, 120 calories 12 gummi bears, 120 calories 1/2 banana rolled in 1 tbsp frozen semisweet chocolate chips, 123 calories 1/3 cup dried fruit, 134 calories 3 Oreos, 160 calories 1 McDonald’s Fruit 'n Yogurt Parfait, 160 calories 

44.  Want a savory snack? 5 olives (any kind), 45 calories 1 small Martin's pretzel, 50 calories 2 oz Applegate Honey and Maple Turkey Breast wrapped around 2 bread-and-butter pickles, 80 calories 1/4 cup hummus and 3 carrot sticks, 80 calories 1 Laughing Cow Light Swiss Original wedge, 3 pieces Kavli Crispy Thin, 85 calories 1 oz buffalo mozzarella, 1/2 cup cherry or grape tomatoes, 94 calories 1 cup unshelled edamame, 120 calories 50 Eden's Vegetable Chips, 130 calories One 1-oz package of Planters NUT-trition almonds, 130 calories 15 Terra Blues Potato Chips, 130 calories 1/2 cup pumpkin seeds in shell, 143 calories 2 pieces (30 grams) prosciutto, 4 dried figs, 154 calories

45.  Definition ◦ BMI < 18.5  Causes and assessment ◦ Illness ◦ Eating disorders ◦ Metabolic factors  Weight-gain strategies ◦ Small, frequent meals ◦ Fluids between meals ◦ High-calorie foods and beverages

46.  WebMD: http://www.webmd.com/diet/evaluate- latest-diets http://www.webmd.com/diet/evaluate- latest-diets  Weight Watchers  No diet just life