1. EFFECTIVELY INTEGRATING QUOTATIONS IN PARAGRAPHS

2. Five Step Method for Developing Paragraphs 1) Controlling Idea (topic sentence) Each paragraph should focus on a specific idea, topic, or argument that works to develop the essay’s general thesis 2) Explain the controlling idea 1) Provide an example i.e., textual evidence in the form of quotes or paraphrases, or personal experiences and historical or contemporary social incidents 2) Explain the example 1) Wrap up

3. Three-Step Method for Integrating Quotations ● Step 1: Introduction Start by introducing the source with a phrase or sentence that lets the reader know that you are about to quote, summarize, or paraphrase. ● Step 2: Citation Make sure to follow proper MLA format for in-text citation. ● Step 3: Commentary Provide the reader with commentary / analysis of your own that refers to, explains, and clarifies your use of the source.

4. 4 Ways to Integrate a Quotation: ● Signal Phrase set off by a coma ✧ According to John Bellamy Foster, Sociology professor at the University of Oregon, “During the last year the global warming debate has reached a turning point” (1). ● Signal Verb with a “that” clause ✧ John Bellamy Foster contends that “the global warming debate has reached a turning point” (1). ● Signal Clause or full sentence set off by a colon ✧ John Bellamy Foster argues that a new perspective on climate change has recently emerged among the general public: “During the last year the global warming debate has reached a turning point” (1). ● Quotation integrated into the grammar of the sentence ✧ For John Bellamy Foster, professor of sociology at the University of Oregon, the critical debate over global warming now “has reached a turning point” (1).

5. Sample Quotation [Steps 1 and 2] For instance, John Bellamy Foster, professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, contends that “today’s ecological problems are related to a system of global inequality that demands ecological destruction as a necessary condition of its existence” (2). For this reason, he insists that progress will require basic economic changes to capitalist society: “It is necessary to go to the root of the problem by addressing the social relations of production” (2). [Steps 3] Global warming calls for a solution that takes into account the realities of an economic mode of production based an ever-greater consumption and waste. Only by confronting the unsustainability of our current economic system will real progress be made.

6. MLA Formatting ● See OWL Purdue University Website See OWL Purdue University Website McKibben, Bill. “The Debate is Over: No Serious Scientist Doubts that Humans are Warming Up the Planet.” Rolling Stone Magazine 03 Nov. 2005: N. Pag. Web. 13 Aug. 2012.

7. Sample Summary Statements The author argues that discrimination is happening to the poor by the nonpoor through cognitive distancing. This is making the poor invisible and even worse off, because the poor are excluded from society. Furthermore, children model themselves after their parents, which means future generations will also be discriminated. Therefore, she concludes that psychologists are responsible to stop colluding in the distancing from poor people.

8. Sample Summary Statements In “Cognitive and Behavioral Distancing from the Poor,” psychologist Bernice Lott argues that classism is an overlooked form of discrimination, by which the poor suffer “separation, exclusion, devaluation, discounting, and designation as ‘other,’” based on their economic status (10o). Lott theorizes that classism is predicated upon biases aligning poverty and wealth with personal merit; moreover, distance from the poor is maintained through barriers operating across cognitive, institutional (e.g., those related to education, housing, employment, etc.) and interpersonal domains. She cautions that distancing undermines both the visibility and the social mobility of the poor, generating negative consequences for society as a whole. Noting that efforts to help the poor are often undermined by “assumptions about their inferiority and difference from oneself” (108), Lott outlines suggestions for how readers in general, and human services professionals in particular, can begin to confront and ultimately dispel classism.