1. The Chemistry of Life
Cornell Notes

2. The Chemistry of Life
What are things made of?

3. Chemistry changes the way you look at the world.

4. The Chemistry of Life
What is Chemistry
Chemistry - is the study of the structure, properties, and composition of substances, and the and the changes that substances undergoes

6. In Your Room
Everything you can see, touch, smell or taste in your room is made of matter.

7. What Is Matter?
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass.
Matter is actually composed of a lot of tiny little pieces we call atoms that make up Elements.

8. Everything is made up of elements
The Chemistry of Life
Elements
Everything is made up of elements

9. Elements The Chemistry of Life
EVERYTHING is made up of substances called elements
EVERYTHING can be broken down to the simplest parts called elements
Element – substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances (gold, Silver, Carbon)

10. Hydrogen The Chemistry of Life Atomic Number (# Electrons or Protons)
Element Symbol
Atomic Mass
(protons+ electrons+ neutrons)

11. Trace elements The Chemistry of Life
Elements make up all things, including living things.
Some are present in very small amounts in living things. These are known as trace elements.

12. BrainPOP: Atoms

13. Atoms The Chemistry of Life Smallest particle of an element
basic building blocks of all elements
structure is crucial to identification

14. Atoms are the building blocks of all elements
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Oxygen

15. The Chemistry of Life
Neutron
Proton
Electron

16. Atoms The Chemistry of Life
Atoms have a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons
Electrons fly around the nucleus in “shells” (energy levels)
PROTON – Positive Charge
NEUTRON – No Charge
ELECTRON – Negative Charge

17. Electron Energy Levels
The 1st shell can hold up to 2 valence e-.
The 2nd shell can hold up to 8 valence e-.
The 3rd shell can hold up to 8 valence e-.

18. The numbers
The large number one in the upper left hand corner is the atomic number. It is the number of protons.

19. The numbers
The number on the bottom is the atomic mass number. It is also known as the molar mass, or atomic weight. It is the number of protons + the number of neutrons, (when you round it to the nearest whole number).

21. Isotopes
Atoms of the same element by definition have the same number of protons.
Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes of each other.

22. Compounds
a substance that is composed of two or more atoms of different elements

23. Bonds
There two types of bonds:
a. covalent
b. ionic

24. Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons.

25. Ionic Bonds
Ions are atoms with a charge. They have a charge due to an imbalance in the number of protons and neutron.
The attractive force between two ions of opposite charges is known as an ionic bond.

27. Quick terms
metabolism = all of the chemical reactions that take place within an organism
mixture = a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their properties
solution = a mixture in which one or more substances (solutes) are distributed evenly in another substance (solvent)

28. pH scale pH is the measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
acids netural bases

29. Properties of H2O it is polar
it can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules
it can experiences capillary action
it resists temperature change
it expands when it freezes

30. Polar Molecules
Water is polar because the electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom, giving it a partial negative charge and consequently giving the hydrogen atoms partially positive charges.

31. Hydrogen Bonding
The attraction between opposite charges between hydrogen and oxygen forms a weak bond called a hydrogen bond.

32. Capillary Action… is the ability of water to crawl up thin tubes.
This property makes it possible for water to get from roots in the ground to the leaves of the tallest trees.

33. Diffusion
is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This occurs due to the random movement of particles known as Brownian motion

34. Diffusion Happens automatically
Particles spread out until evenly spaced
They move in straight lines and collide
Motion continues forever
Diffusion is inevitable over time. 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Energy input leads to more rapid diffusion- heat, stirring.
The sugar cube in the water will dissolve and fill the water equally. It will not re-clump itself into a sugar cube later.
Diffusion happens in air, in liquids, and even in solids. In the case of cells, we will always be speaking of liquids.

35. Brownian Movement
atoms do not just stand still in liquids, solids, and gases
atoms actually move around randomly
atoms can also bump into each other
the random bumping into each other is called Brownian Movement

36. Diffusion
the movement of atoms from one area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
particles want to even
out

37. Equilibrium Even distribution of molecules has been reached
No “net” change in system, but molecules are still moving

38. Imagine the particles are perfume molecules trapped inside a bottle
Imagine the particles are perfume molecules trapped inside a bottle. Remove the lid of the bottle by pressing the button and watch the perfume molecules diffuse throughout the room.

39. 3 Key Factors to Diffusion
Temperature
Concentration
Pressure

41. Life Substances
Carbon is the most important molecule to life on Earth.
This is due to the fact that it can form up to four bonds.
Because of this fact carbon can form many different shaped molecules, even using the same atoms.
Glucose and Fructose are isomers of each other.

42. Variations
Because of this fact carbon can form many different shaped molecules, even using the same atoms.
Glucose and Fructose are isomers of each other.

43. Polymers
When smaller molecules bond together they form long molecules called polymers.
Glucose and fructose bond together to form sucrose.

44. 4 major macromolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

45. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 1C: 2H :1O
CxH2xOx
These are basically sugars: mono-, di- and poly- saccharides

46. Lipids
are composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen
Fats, oils, waxes and steroids are all lipids.
They are non-polar and so don’t mix with water.

47. Proteins
A protein is a large complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur.
Two or more amino acids held together by a peptide bonds are considered a protein.

48. Special Proteins
Enzymes are proteins that change the rates of chemical reactions. they are necessary for life as we know it.

49. Nucleic acids…
are complex biomolecules that store cellular information in the form of a code.
They are polymers made up of subunits called nucleotides.