1. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 1 - What makes us tick? Gert Jan Hofstede

2. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 2 - Unit of human life is groups! Desert island –30 good people? –30 bad people? –Mix? –Moral emotions; Corruption or correction

3. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 3 - Perfect group → organism Cell –Micro-organelles are symbiosis partners Bees –No jealousy, equal reproduction Chickens –Experiment: best individual vs best group Body –Cancer = business success

4. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 4 - Groups are successful (so far…) Eukaryotes Multicellular organisms –Especially social insects Mammals Humans –Can you construct a house? –Can you produce your own food? Complex societies …so now the society is also a unit of evolution

5. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 5 - Humans are special They evolved for Adaptability (clothes, fire) Collaboration –Empathy –Laughter, play –Language: gossip –Eye pupil –Prolonged youth

6. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 6 - Human evolution: Personality – culture mutual homeostasis system Culture IDCUL Culture (CHAOS) Personality OCEAN Personality OCEAN Personality (OCEAN) Life story bio- graphy Per- sonal characteristic adaptations drives of lifestream roles in rituals  goals characteristic adaptations goals learning Evolutionary Bases (  SAND) Story of a society his- tory Cul- tural characteristic institutions drives goals characteristic institutions goals learning Sources: McCrae FFM, Hofstede 5D

7. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 7 - Golden Rule for groups Do to others as you would be done unto –Kant: categorical imperative –Christians: love thy neighbour as thyself –United we stand, divided we fall → Create a community of goodness, a moral circle … holds for all groups throughout living world!

8. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 8 - ±1.000.000 years ago: Hunter-gatherers Homo erectus band Environment: changing: scarce or abundant small, traveling bands little competition from humans → moral circle → egalitarian, everybody’s contribution counts → you knew everybody → worst punishment: expulsion

9. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 9 - Threatening and fighting We cannot get rid of our drives (Sex, Affiliation, Novelty, Dominance) To accept division of scarce resources, –We need common identity –(or balance of power, or negotiation, or fights) –And clear hierarchy

10. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 10 - Making friends Bush & Mc Ain’t Can a stranger be a friend? Alpha and Beta Mending or extending the moral circle

11. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 11 - Culture, negotiation and the moral circle Negotiation: neither friends, nor enemies –Can we live with that? Let’s see… Culture is the unwritten rules of the social game –That we use to divide scarce resources –So that we can balance our individual drives –…with our moral group needs –Only for group members!

12. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 12 - Individualism and the moral circle Individualist: –Anybody could be admitted –Moral obligations might be diluted –Boundary is wide – even animals have rights Collectivist: –Moral circle is invariable, only in-group –Strong mutual responsibilities –Extending it requires intensive rituals

13. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 13 - Power distance and the moral circle Small power distance: –Privileges are frowned upon –Rights and obligations are equally shared –Negotiating and complaining are common Large power distance: –Unequal division of power is accepted –Leaders are thought of as parents –Trias politica does not work

14. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 14 - Masculinity and the moral circle Feminine: –Everyone supposed to be loyal –Permissive towards transgressions –Criminals need help, not punishment Masculine: –Individual loyalty not taken for granted –Strong penalties for transgressions –Women may not be included

15. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 15 - Uncertainty Avoidance and the moral circle Uncertainty tolerant: –Few rules but stick to them –Boundary of moral circle is malleable –Outsiders might be good, let’s find out Uncertainty avoiding: –Boundary of moral circle is a wall –Fear of outsiders and transgressions –Many rules but only as symbols

16. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 16 - Long-term orientation and the moral circle Long-term oriented: –Moral duties can vary with circumstances –Pragmatic reasoning –One is insignificant part of a large whole Short-term oriented: –Moral duties are fixed by tradition –Never lose face, whatever the cost –Moral life is here and now

17. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 17 - Monumentalism and the moral circle Monumentalist: –Proud, immutable, religious –One emotion and group at the time –Generous Self-effacing: –Humble –Mixed emotions and affiliations at any time –Learn, study and change

18. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 18 - Indulgence and the moral circle Indulgent: –Don’t worry, be happy –Urges and drives are good –Impulsive violence Restrained: –Restrictive norms on sex, spending, eating –Low happiness and self-control –Duty is important

19. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE - Lorentz jan 2009 - 19 - What will make us tick? Adaptability got us where we are –It will take us further –Negotiation is a crucial element Enemies to negotiation –Terror –Ignorance –Irresponsibility of leaders We need –Entente and détente –Impartial arbiters (next to proponents) –To know ourselves www.gertjanhofstede.com