1. Colin Hardy Tiana Warner Alvin Guevara Chantelle Finai June 27 th, 2011 Pgs: 244-252

2. Terms  Consciousness- a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind.  Circadian Rhythm- a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle.  REM sleep- a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity.  Insomnia- difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep.  Sleep apnea- a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep.  Somnambulism- (sleepwalking) when a person arises and walks around during sleep.  Narcolepsy- a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities.  Night terrors- abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.  Activation-synthesis model- (Hobson & McCarley, 1977) This theory proposes that dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep.  EEG- (electroencephalograph) recordings of the human brain that reveal a regular pattern of changes in electrical activity in the brain accompanying the circadian cycle.  Sleep paralysis- the experience of waking up unable to move and is sometimes associated with Narcolepsy.  Dreams- an altered state of consciousness

3. Dream Theories  Dreams are puzzles that are calling out to be solved  The search for dream meanings goes all the way back to biblical figures  Sigmund Freuds theory  May not be elaborately wanted wishes but is mostly suppressed thoughts

4. What parts of the brain help you dream?  The parts of the brain that are for visual perception aren’t activated during dreaming.  Occipital lobe shows activation.  Several parts of the brain are activated during REM sleep.  The deactivated part of the brain is the prefrontal cortex.  During REM sleep, the motor cortex is activated

5. Motor Cortex Visual Association Area Brain Stem

6. Amount of sleep (recommended)

7. Dream Consciousness  There are 5 major characteristics of dream consciousness that differ from the waking state.  1: We intensely feel emotion  2: Dream thought is illogical  3: Sensation is fully formed and meaningful  4: Uncritical acceptance, as though the images and events were perfectly normal rather than bizarre.  5: Difficulty of remembering the dream after it is over.

8. 5 Stages of Circadian Rhythm  1 st : The EEG  2 nd : The patterns are interrupted by activity, and the sleeper becomes more difficult to be awakened.  3 rd and 4 th : The deepest stages of sleep  REM sleep: Stage of sleep with high amount of brain activity and rapid eye movements.

10. REM  EEG patterns become high-frequency saw tooth waves, similar to beta waves, suggesting that the mind at this time is as active as it is during waking.  During REM sleep, the pulse quickens, blood pressure rises, and possible signs of sexual arousal occur.  Many people who report not having any dreams actually dream at a different stage of sleep.  80% of dreams occur in the REM sleep.

11. REM CYCLE

12. SLEEPING DISORDERS AND EFFECTS

13. Insomnia  Causes- Emotional and Environmental Stress  Sleeping pills isn’t always the answer to this problem.  Sedatives can interfere with the circadian rhythm.  When sedatives seem like the only solution is when patients are becoming addicted.  Suddenly stopping sleep narcotics can result in insomnia that was worse than before.

14. Sleep Apnea

15.  Sleep apnea: The airway closes for short periods of time during sleep. The most common sleep apnea is obstructive sleep apnea. For example, sleep apnea in children is caused by enlarged tonsil tissues in their throats.  Side effects of sleep apnea includes: Snoring, sudden awakenings, insomnia, and sleep loss.  Sleep apnea is hard to diagnose. It can’t be detected by check ups or blood tests Therapies that may help solve sleep apnea include weight loss, drugs, or surgery.

16. SOMNAMBULISM SLEEPWALKING *Click the center of the box to watch the clip

17. Narcolepsy & Night Terrors  Involves the intrusion of a dreaming state of sleep (with REM)  It lasts from 30 seconds to 30 minutes.  Can be obtained through family genes  Night Terrors: Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.  It happens during the early sleep cycle  Causes: Past experiences such as child abuse, scary movies, and stories

18. Recurring dreams  Recurring dreams symbolize a problem or issue in your life that you have not yet solved.  Once the problem is identified and confronted the dream will usually disappear.  They may be found in nightmares, daydreams, or subconscious dreams.  Another theory is recurring dreams that can represent a trauma in your past.  Parts of the brain can hide these memories or problems when the human body is active.

19. Test Question What parts of the brain are active during dreaming? Motor Cortex, Visual Association Area, Brain Stem, Amygdala

20. Bibliography http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBWHwXHnKb8 http://www.understandsleep.com http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApne a/SleepApnea_WhatIs.html http://health.howstuffworks.com/mental- health/sleep/dreams/dream8.htm http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3077505/ns/technology_a nd_science-science/t/how-brain-turns-reality-dreams/