1. Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.
Goal 2
Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

2. 2.01 Organic Molecules Contain carbon
Molecules of living things (or once living)
Make up all living things
Examples: mouse, wood, apple, bread, paper, bacteria

3. Carbohydrates
Long chains of simple sugars (monosaccharide) form polysaccharides
Monosaccharides (simple sugar): glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
Polysaccarides (complex): cellulose, glycogen, starch

4. Proteins Proteins – long chains of amino acids Joined by peptide bonds
Forms a polypeptide
(Examples are enzymes, insulin and hemoglobin)

5. Lipids Subunits are fatty acids and glycerol Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Cholesterol
Cell membranes, sex hormones

6. Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Subunits are nucleotides
Carries genetic information
Composed of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases
DNA (A,C,T,G)
RNA (A,U,C,G)

7. Functions of macromolecules
Carbohydrate  energy
Proteins  structure, growth, repair
Lipids  long term energy storage, cushioning, insulation
Nucleic Acids  instructions on how to make proteins

8. Food Tests
Benedict’s solution is a test for monosaccharides. It starts blue and turns red if heated.

9. Food Tests
Iodine is a test for starch. It starts as a rust color and turns black or blue/black.

10. Food Tests
Lipids turn brown paper translucent.

11. Food Tests
Proteins
Biurets turns purple.

12. 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells
Cells are the basic unit of all living things.

13. Cell Organelles
Nucleus – contains DNA, regulates the functions of the cell.
Plasma (cell) membrane - regulates what goes into and out of the cell.
Mitochondria – where cellular respiration occurs.

14. Cell Organelles
Ribosomes – where protein synthesis occurs.

15. Cell Organelles
Cell wall – made of cellulose, protects plant cell and gives it shape.
Vacuoles – store food, water or waste. Large in plant cells, small in animal cells.
Chloroplast – where photosynthesis occurs.

16. Microscopes How do you focus? How do you let more light in?
When would you need more light?
How do you go from low to high power?
What does the microscope do to your image?

17. Magnification Eyepiece x Objective = Total Magnification Examples:
10x x 4x = 40x
10x x 10x = 100x

18. Hierarchy of cell organization
Cells 
Tissues 
Organs 
Organ systems

19. Structure and Function
Nerve cells structure is well suited to carrying nerve impulses through the body.

20. Structure and Function
Red blood cells smooth disk shape is well suited to traveling through blood vessels.

21. Structure and Function
Muscle cells need a great deal of energy, so they have many mitochondria located in them.

22. Plants vs. Animal Cells Plant cells Cell wall Large vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Rectangular shape
Animal cells
No cell wall
Small vacuoles
No chloroplasts
Any shape

23. Cell Communication
Messages can travel from one nerve cell to another.

24. Cell Communication
G proteins act like relay batons to pass messages from circulating hormones into cells. A hormone (red) encounters a receptor (blue) in the membrane of a cell.
A G protein (green) becomes activated and makes contact with the receptor to which the hormone is attached.
The G protein passes the hormone's message to the cell by switching on a cell enzyme (purple) that triggers a response.

25. Cell Communication
Steroid hormone
action

26. 2.03 Cell Transport and Homeostasis
Homeostasis: maintaining a stable internal environment

27. Example – regulation of temperature
Sweating
Blood vessels
dilate

28. Example – regulation of temperature
Shivering
Blood vessels constrict
Hair stands on end

29. Examples – pH of blood
Buffers in blood help to keep blood from becoming too acidic or too basic.

30. Example – blood glucose level
Insulin removes glucose from your blood by turning it into glycogen in your liver and muscles.
Glucagon puts glucose into your blood by converting glycogen into glucose.

31. Example – water balance
Too much water?
Urinate frequently and it is very dilute.
Too little water?
Urinate infrequently and it is very concentrated.

32. Transport (types) Passive transport (no energy) Diffusion Osmosis
2. Active transport
(energy)

33. Diffusion
- The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

34. Osmosis
Diffusion of
water thru
a membrane.

35. Active Transport
Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration. Requires Energy!

36. Semi-permeable membrane
Allows small molecules to pass through but not large ones.

37. Semi permeable membrane

38. Examples of transport 1st picture – RBC’s in salt water
2nd –RBC’s in slightly
salty water
3rd – RBC’s in
distilled water

39. Examples of transport

40. 2.04 Characteristics of Enzymes
Specific fit with substrate so each enzyme has special job.(lock and key) Meet at enzymes active site.
Made of proteins.
Enzyme can be re-used after it has done its job.
Catalyst.
Necessary for all biochemical reactions.

41. Effects of the environment on enzymes
Environmental changes can destroy enzymes (change their chemical structure and make them ineffective)
pH, temperature

42. 2.05 Respiration and Photosynthesis
Function of ATP
Adenosine Tri-phosphate
Made from ribose, adenine, and three phosphate molecules
Energy storage molecule.
Energy is stored when phosphate bond is formed, and released when the bond is broken (makes ADP)
Important cycle in respiration and photosynthesis

43. ATP
When high energy phosphate bond is broken  energy released and ADP made.

44. All living organisms do respiration
Cellular Respiration
All living organisms do respiration

45. Anaerobic Respiration
Without Oxygen
2 Types
1) alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol (yeast)
2) lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid (muscle cells and bacteria)

46. Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP With oxygen
More efficient
Occurs 24/7
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
What might effect the rate of respiration?

47. Compare and Contrast Anaerobic Respiration Without oxygen Cytoplasm
2 ATP
Yeast, bacteria
24/7
Aerobic Respiration
With oxygen
Mitochondria
36 ATP
Multicellular organisms
24/7

48. Photosynthesis How plants take energy from sun and make glucose
Only occurs during the day
Plants, algae, blue-green bacteria
What might effect the rate of photosynthesis?