1. Mapping of Malaria vector insecticide resistance in SudanBy
Khalid Babiker Moh. Ah.
July BNNICD

2. Top outline Introduction Insecticide Use In Public health
Definition Insecticide Resistance
History of insecticide resistance
Malaria Vectors in Sudan
Mapping
Findings

3. Introduction
Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a growing concern in many countries which requires immediate attention because of the limited chemical arsenal available for vector control.
The current extent and distribution of this resistance in many parts of the continent is unknown and yet such information is essential for the planning of effective malaria control interventions

4. Insecticide Use In Public health
No new insecticides for 20 years Wad Medani Ins Res.ppt

6. History of insecticide resistance
insecticide resistance is not new
–First observed in 1887
Scale insects resistant to sprays of kerosene
–House fly populations were found to be resistant to DDT by 1947
–Resistance identified to all introduced insecticide groups within 2 –20 years
–By 2006; 7400 of resistance cases occurred in 550 species

7. in Sudan Insecticide Resistance
The first insecticide resistance to DDT in East African was Sudan in Al Guneind sugar scheme(1972)
In central Sudan A. arabienisis has been found to be resistance to several insecticides :BHC and DDT (1972) Malathion (1983)

8. Malaria Vectors in Sudan
Anopheles arabiensis: all over country, arid zones,
Anopheles gambiae: more humid & forested habitats,
Anopheles funestus : more humid & forested habitat,
Anopheles pharoensis & Anopheles nili: potential vectors

10. Findings
These findings have serious implications for the malaria control programmes in this states of Sudan since they depend largely on the use of pyrethroid insecticides for indoor residual spraying and for insecticide-treated bednets.
At present only pyrethroids are used in the treating of bednets.
It is not known, however, how this finding will affect the impact of ITNs since kill is not the only method of protection with this strategy.

11. Findings
For indoor residual spraying, bendiocarb (carbamates) could be used as a possible alternative.
Issues of cost and appropriate application by spray teams would have to be taken into Consideration
. Furthermore, the rotational use of insecticides should be part of a resistance management strategy

12. References
1. Hemingway J, Ranson H:Insecticide resistance in insect vectors of human disease. Annual Review of Entomology 2000,45: Coleman M, Hemingway J: Insecticide resistance monitoring and evaluation in disease transmitting mosquitoes. Journal of Pest Science 2007,32(2): Hemingway J, Hawkes NJ, Mc Carroll L, Ranson H: The molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2004,34:653-65

13. Thanks