1. Growth of Towns & Cities New Farm Technologies Heavy Plow, water mill, and windmill Less people need on farms moved to cities to make money Free Towns Towns run by local lords; charged fees & taxes Merchants asked Kings to charter new towns; paid taxes to the Kings Under merchants towns prospered, grew

2. Growth of Towns & Cities Guilds Guilds - trade organizations in which all members set standards and prices for their products Apprentice – someone who spent many years with a skilled crafter to learn the basic skills of the craft Journeymen - a person who has learned the basics of a career as an apprentice but is still learning from masters and has not yet opened his own shop

3. Daily Life in Cities Dark and unpleasant No public sanitation – disease a common threat Crime and fire were constant threat Churches Eating halls Entertainment Allowed for the spread of Arts and new ideas

4. Section 3 Art and Culture Of the Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, great achievements were made in the visual arts, literature, and thinking and learning

5. Visual Arts Gothic Architecture Gothic – building style that used advances in engineering to make churches taller and brighter than earlier churches Flying buttresses – supports that helped hold up church walls from the outside allowing for much higher ceilings and an interior that had no columns

6. Visual Arts Gothic Architecture Larger windows allowed more light Stained glass showed scenes from bible or lives of saints Exterior had statues of saints, kings figures from Old Testament Gargoyles

7. Visual Arts Illumination Illumination – the process of decorating written manuscript with pictures or designs Tapestry Large woven wall hangings Hung in castles to prevent drafts Bayeux Tapestry tells the story of William the Conqueror

8. Literature Religious Texts Sermons how people should live Interpretations of the Bible Lives of Saints Songs and Poems Latin Hildegard of Bingen – a famous medieval nun who was both a poet and a composer

9. Literature Epics and Romances Epic poems told exciting tales related to wars & heroes Song of Roland –told the story of Charlemagne’s fight against the Muslims Chivalry – a code of honor that knights were supposed to live by; it required knights to be generous and courteous to women and other knights Troubadours – wandering singers who preformed epics and romances

10. Literature Major Works The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer Tells the story of pilgrims traveling to the town of Canterbury Description of the characters helps historians know what life was like in the Middle Ages Helped increase the use of written English in England The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri Composed of three parts (Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso) Tells the story of an imaginary trip that Dante takes through the afterlife Helped spread and shape the Italian language

11. Thinking and Learning Alchemy Thought that people could base metals like lead into gold Heated materials to dissolve or vaporize them Gained practical experience in Chemistry that helped later scientists. Universities Increased the flow of Greek learning into Europe Latin Grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music, theology, medicine and law

12. Thinking and Learning The Teachings of Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)– influential scholar who argued that classical ideas could be used to improve people’s understanding of Christian teachings. Scholasticism – a combination of Christian faith and rational though set forth by Thomas Aquinas

13. Section 4 Challenges of the Late Middle Ages In the late Middle Ages, Europeans faced many challenges, including religious crises, wars and a deadly plague.

14. Religious Crises Heresy Heresy – Beliefs that oppose the church’s official teachings People began to de-emphasize the role of clergy and the sacraments Threatened the social order Inquisitions –Legal procedures supervised by special judges who tired suspected heretics Friars –members of religious orders who took vows of poverty and obedience and lived among the people to whom they preached Francis of Assisi & Dominic of Osma Christian Education used as a way to fight heresy In 1208 Pope Innocent III called for war on heretics in Southern France

15. Religious Crises The Papacy in Dispute In 1309 the Pope fled to Avignon (France) Seventy years later Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome and died Disagreement led to two Popes one in Rome and one in Avignon Dispute lasted almost 40 years

16. Wars and Conflict Hundred Years’ War (116) Hundred Years’ War –a war between Britain and France that began as a dispute over the throne of France French king died without a son King Edward III of England was nephew France did not want to be ruled by English Chose regent to be king, became King Philip VI of France Joan of Arc –peasant girl who led the French into battle during the Hundred Years’ War and won several battles before she was captured, tried, and executed by British King Charles VII of France rallied his army after Joan of Arc’s death and drove British out of France

17. Wars and Conflict War of the Roses War of the Roses –conflict between the York and Lancaster families for the English throne Henry VII –nobleman whose rise to king ended the War of the Roses and started a new era in English history

18. Black Death Black Death –a devastating plague that swept across Europe between 1347 and 1351 Origins May have been two different diseases; bubonic plague (spread by fleas that lived on rats) and pneumonic plague (spread from person to person) Started with Mongol armies laying siege to Black Sea Port Rats with fleas got on merchant ships; fleas spread disease to humans Spread quickly through Europe, first coastal towns, then inland

19. Black Death Course of the Disease Killed quickly within a few days Spread very easy, anyone treating sick usually got sick and died as well Effects Europe and China lost one-third of their population People blamed God for the plague; anti-clericalism began to rise Anti-Semitic beliefs increased in Europe The manor system collapsed as people left their manors