1. The Spread of Roman Power The Success of the Roman Legion 509 BC – 70 BC

2. The Spread of Roman Power A. by 400 BC – controlled central Italy B. 390 BC – Rome attacked and looted by Gauls – Romans build impenetrable defenses C. By 265 BC – Rome controlled all of Italy

3. The Spread of Roman Power D. 264 – 241BC – First Punic War –Against Carthaginian EmpireCarthaginian Empire –Fought for control of Sicily E. 218 – 202 BC – Second Punic War –Hannibal invaded Italy –Romans defeated Carthage at the Battle of Zama (202 BC)

4. The Spread of Roman Power F. 149– 146 BC --The Third Punic War –Carthage destroyed –North Africa became a Roman province G. 149 – 129 BC – Conquest of Macedonia, Greece and Pergamum Macedonia, Greece and Pergamum H. By 70 BC – Rome controlled territory from Spain to Asia MinorSpain to Asia Minor

5. The Effects of Roman Conquests 509 BC – 70 BC The Collapse of the Roman Republic

6. The Effects of Roman Conquests A. Negative Effects of the Punic Wars and other conquests –1. loss of manpower –2. destruction of farmland –3. sale of small farms to the wealthy –4. growth of slavery –5. growth of a poor urban population (the Proletariat) –6. deterioration of values; social and political corruption

7. Collapse of the Roman Republic I. Efforts at Reform –Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to return land to the poor and lessen unemployment –both were killed by the Senate

8. Collapse of the Roman Republic II. Army Generals struggled to control Rome –Marius - elected consul 5 successive times. –Sulla defeated Marius but kept power as dictator for several years

9. Collapse of the Roman Republic III. Julius Caesar –Became a popular politician through speeches, parties, and money borrowed from Crassus –60 BC – joined with Crassus and Pompey in the First Triumvirate –Gained great popularity by conquering Gaul

10. Collapse of the Roman Republic IV. A Second Civil War –C–Crassus killed in battle in 53 BC –P–Pompey convinced the Senate to recall Caesar from Gaul –C–Caesar “crossed Rubicon” into Italy and began a civil war –C–Caesar defeated Pompey and became dictator in 45 BC

11. V. The reign of Julius Caesar –Carried out several reforms Distributed land to the poor Enlarged the Senate to 900 members Planned several building projects –March 15, 44 BC (the Ides of March) Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of Senators

12. Collapse of the Roman Republic VI. The Second Triumvirate –A struggle for power after Caesar’s death ended with Octavian, Lepidus, and Marc Antony claiming control of Rome –Lepidus was forced into retirement –Octavian and Antony fought for control –31 BC Antony and his ally, Cleopatra of Egypt were defeated –31 BC-AD14 : The Age of Augustus

13. The Roman Empire 27 BC – 476 AD

14. The Roman Empire I. The Age of Augustus 31 BC – AD 14 –27 BC – Octavian given the title of Augustus and Imperator Expanded the empire Created a successful civil service system Created a common coin – the denarius Built a network of roads

15. The Roman Empire II. The Julian Emperors AD 14 – AD 68 –Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero Some were competent Some were mentally unstable and corrupt AD 64 – 1 st systematic persecution of Christians III. AD 68 – AD 96 – The Army chose and deposed emperors IV. AD 96 – 180AD – the “Good Emperors” –Settled the issue of succession

16. The Roman Empire V. AD 180 – AD 285 –Conflict and Confusion –89 emperors in 105 years –Decline in economics, military strength, and political loyalty among the population

17. The Roman Empire VI. Revival and Reforms –A. Diocletian (AD 284-AD 305) Divided the empire into 4 parts Enlarged the army Tried to stop inflation by fixing wages and prices Demanded he be treated and addressed as a god Persecuted Christians

18. The Roman Empire –B. Constantine (AD 306 – AD 337) Reunified the empire on single rule AD 313 – Issued the Edict of Milan –Made Christianity a legal religion AD 330 – moved the capital to ByzantiumByzantium – renamed the city Constantinople VII. After Constantine –Continued decline –Division into East and West –Numerous invasions and migrations by Germanic tribes –AD 476 – Rome fall to the Ostrogoths