0. Climate Change and Land Degradation - Arusha
UNDP-GEF Adaptation
Climate Change and Land Degradation - Arusha
Nyawira Muthui
December 2006

1. UNDP Approach to Adaptation
Adaptation Project Portfolio
Presented on behalf of the UNDP-GEF Adaptation Team

2. Bo Lim – UNDP-GEF Adaptation Unit Climate Change Adaptation UNDP-GEF
Further Information
Contact:
Bo Lim – UNDP-GEF Adaptation Unit
Climate Change Adaptation
UNDP-GEF

3. Defining Adaptation – Doing Development Differently
“Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effect, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.” (IPCC 2001)
“Practical steps to protect countries and communities from the likely disruption and damage that will result from effects of climate change.” (UNFCCC website, 2006)
“A process by which strategies to moderate, cope with and take advantage of the consequences of climatic events are enhanced, developed, and implemented” (UNDP 2005)

4. GEF Adaptation Fund
Pilot or demonstration projects to integrate adaptation into national policy
Must meet global environmental objectives and have development benefits
Adaptation within climate change, biodiversity, international waters and land degradation projects
Operational since July 2004

5. Adaptation in LD
Within Land Degradation Cluster adaptation is seen achieved through mainstreaming practices to climate proof Sustainable Land Management
Building adaptive capacity to reduce communities, economies and ecosystem vulnerability to negative impacts of climate change
In practice, this means
Changing existing policies and practices
Adopting new policies and practices so as to secure MDGs in the face of climate change and its associated impacts

6. UNDP-GEF Principles of Adaptation
Helping developing countries to adapt to climate change impacts is central to UNDP core mandate for promoting development and poverty reduction across the globe.
UNDP provides several services to help programme countries to access adaptation funds:
helping them to evaluate adaptation options, identify promising investment opportunities, and ensure timely and cost effective delivery of projects.

7. UNDP-GEF Adaptation Principles
Adaptation activities must further the achievement of the MDGs
Adaptation activities must be development focused
The starting point for developing national responses is strengthening adaptive capacity to reduce community and ecosystem vulnerability to negative impacts of CC
Stakeholder involvement and public participation are key
UNDP’s policy and technical guidance should be leveraged
Leverage UNDP-GEF programming by building on NCs and NAPAs

8. GEF Adaptation Funds

9. Types of adaptation funds
The Strategic Priority on Adaptation (SPA)
Financed by the GEF Trust Fund:
ecosystem/focal area focused fund.
The goal - to ensure that climate change concerns are incorporated in the management o f ecosystems through GEF focal area projects.

10. Type of Adaptation Fund
The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)
Financed by additional voluntary contributions
channelled through GEF
A development -focused fund designed specifically for addressing short or long term adaptation measures to climate change in the poorest countries.

11. Types of Adaptation Funds
The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF):
Financed by additional voluntary contributions channelled through GEF
a development -focused fund concerned primarily with long term activities, programmes and measures in the development sectors that are most affected by global climate change.

12. Adaptation Policy Framework (APF)
APF has been prepared by the UNDP/GEF Capacity Development and Adaptation Cluster as the Cornerstone of UNDP’s Strategy in Adaptation
APF will assist in the process of incorporating adaptation concerns into national strategies
Four-phased Approach

13. Four Phases of the UNDP-GEF Adaptation Strategy
2012
Phase IV:
Implementation
2010
Phase III:
National
Assessments
2008
Phase Ib: Methodological Improvement &
Dissemination
Phase II:
Regional
Assessments
2006
2004
Phase 1a:
Methodological
Development
2002
Activities

14. APF - Key Innovations Links current with future climate variations
If future climate change brings both increased variability and directional shifts, understanding current climate-related extreme events and responses will provide basis for future responses (and surprises)
Uses the concept of adaptation or development baseline to build on current experience to cope with future climate
Emphasizes adaptive capacity…….. as the potential of a system to adjust characteristics or behaviour, to cope with climate change, including variability

15. APF Adaptation Approaches
APF Approach
HAZARD-BASED
Top-down, scenario-driven, formal risk mapping for hazards
VULNERABILITY-BASED
Bottom-up: no mapping or scenarios, vulnerability combined with general hazard information
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Bottom-up: providing options for adapting
POLICY-BASED
Top-down/bottom-up: adaptation via policy intervention
Project Outcome Examples
Ameliorated impacts in high-risk areas, early warning, response measures
Reduced vulnerability of population and high-risk groups: improve access, livelihoods, security
Enhanced adaptive capacity - better preparedness, awareness, empowerment, livelihood options
“Adaptation friendly” policies, programmes, strategies, that discourage high-risk or maladaptive behavior

16. Climate Risks to MDGs MDGs CLIMATE RISKS
MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Depleted livelihood assets, reduced economic growth, and undermined food security.
MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education
Reduced ability of children to participate in full-time education by loss of infrastructure, loss of livelihoods (forcing children to work), and displaced families.
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Additional burdens on women's health and limited time to participate in decision-making and income-generating activities.
MDGs 4, 5 and 6: Reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases availability of potable water.
Greater prevalence of vector- and water-borne diseases, and heat-related mortality, declining food security, maternal health, and availability of potable water
MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Negatively impacted natural resources and productive ecosystems

17. Lessons - Adaptation Learning Mechanism (ALM)
Notes:
The ALM aims to capture the current state of knowledge on planning, implementing, and integrating adaptation in development; identify gaps in adaptation knowledge by drawing lessons from adaptation portfolio reviews; and develop responses to these knowledge gaps to support long-term adaptation planning by the GEF and other adaptation stakeholders. A key activity of the project will be to provide tools for ongoing learning through an online knowledge base and information sharing platform. Finally, outreach will ensure that lessons learned about integrating adaptation in development planning are disseminated at multiple scales.
The ALM will build on the successes of past knowledge management projects at GEF and create a highly relevant set of tools for learning from IA adaptation experience to date. This knowledge will be shared with users in each UNDP region, setting into motion a platform for continued learning as adaptation becomes increasingly important in the future.
The Goal of the Adaptation Learning Mechanism (ALM) is to improve the effective integration of adaptation to climate change within development planning of the GEF, Implementing Agencies, and non-Annex I countries.
The Objective of the project is to provide tools and establish a learning platform (knowledge base) for integrating adaptation to climate change within the development planning of the GEF, IAs and non-Annex 1 countries.
The ALM is a global knowledge management project for adaptation
Lessons - Adaptation Learning Mechanism (ALM)
Knowledge base for adaptation established
Adaptation projects reviewed
Gaps in knowledge and practice identified
Gaps in knowledge addressed
Good practice identified
Learning and knowledge shared
Regional approach taken

18. Phase II: Regional Pilot Projects
Scope: watershed management, disaster risk management, food security, health
Other Phase II Projects:
Central America, Mexico, and Cuba
Maghreb: Integrated Watershed Mgt water supply and aquifers
Central America, Mexico, and Cuba: APF
Climate change and Human Health (with WHO);
Adaptation Learning Mechanism
Community Based Adaptation (with SGP)
Asia and Andean region: Climate Change and Flood Risk Reduction (under dev’t)

19. NCs and NAPAs National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)
National Communications (NCs)
Report on programmes to facilitate adaptation
Vulnerability and Adaptation assessment
Starting point for formulating projects – V&A priorities and climate change rationale
National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)
Respond to vulnerability of LDCs
Prioritize adaptation measures supportive of existing development plans
Identify urgent actions to adapt

20. Demonstration and Pilot Projects
Climate-resilient development (LDCF, SCCF)
Integrate climate risks into development sectors.
Short- and long-term adaptation to address current climate variability as well as long-term change
UNDP’s priority
Ecosystem resilience (SPA)
Integrate adaptation into the GEF focal areas
Where climate change risks are evaluated to be significant (e.g. Biodiversity, Land Degradation, International Waters)

21. Guiding Approach for Adapting Development
Identify Current National Policy Baselines
Agriculture-related
Water-related
Health
Disaster Risk Management
Coastal Development
Integrate Future Climate Risks in Development
Approaches: Strategies, policies, measures/practices
Scales: Community, national, regional
Sustainability: Financing instruments
Capacity: Institutions, information, and stakeholder capacity building
Promote Adapted National Policy Frameworks - “Outcomes”
Examples of restructured sector policies:
SP1 Agriculture
SP2 Water
SP3 Health
SP4 Climate disaster
SP5 Coastal Dev.
Rural development policies utilize
seasonal forecasts
Demand side management based on information on future water availability
Monitoring/control of disease vectors improved
EWS and response coverage increased
Policies support development in
low-risk areas

22. UNDP-GEF Adaptation Portfolio
Full- and medium-size projects in 43 countries

23. UNDP-GEF Adaptation Portfolio - 18 Medium & Full Size Projects beyond PDF stage: $43.4 million in GEF funding

24. UNDP-GEF Adaptation Portfolio

25. Thematic Distribution of UNDP-GEF Projects
Sector/topic
Country
Water management
Tanzania, Ecuador (SCCF)
Agriculture
Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Namibia (SPA); Pacific Islands (SCCF); India (SCCF)
Health
Fiji, Barbados, Jordan, Uzbekistan, China, Bhutan, Kenya (SCCF)
Coastal zones
Cape Verde, Mauritania, Gambia, Guinea Bissau (SPA), Uruguay (SPA)
Tourism: Maldives (SCCF)
Disaster risk management
India (SCCF), Pacific Islands (SCCF)
Community-based adaptation
Samoa, Bolivia, Niger, Bangladesh (Morocco, Namibia, Vietnam, Guatemala, Kazakhstan and Jamaica to join in 2006/7) (SPA)

26. Project Example - Coping with Drought and Climate Change
Countries: Kenya, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
Fund: SPA, Land Degradation
Amount: $1.0M GEF per country + $1.0M Co-fin per country
Components:
Assist communities to cope with drought through pilot adaptation measures
Enhance use of EWS and improve communication of climate information with agriculturalists
Promote drought preparedness and mitigation policies
Replicate successful approaches across the region

27. Coping with Drought and Climate Change
Baseline:
Rural communities use current coping strategies, which become inadequate as drought increases in frequency and intensity
Additional:
Strengthened drought mitigation skills of community development practitioners
Alternative livelihoods employed during droughts
Improved flow and use of early warning information for drought response
Drought mitigation mainstreamed in development plans

28. Coping with Drought and Climate Change
Adaptive capacities of local communities, local and national institutions and the regional networks will be strengthened through concrete activities.
Specific focus is on managing the risks associated with future climate change and its impact on land degradation while piloting specific adaptation measures

29. Namibia - CCA Fund: SPA, LD
Adapting to Climate Change through the Improvement of Traditional Crops and Livestock Farming
Fund: SPA, LD
Amount $1.0M GEF + Co-financing $1.0M Government
Components:
Climate change adaptation measures of rural communities in agricultural production piloted and tested
Improved information flows on climate change, including variability (such as drought) between providers and key users
Climate change issues integrated into planning processes, e.g. National Drought Policy
Focus at community-level, equipping small-holder farmers with improved capacities to adapt to climatic change and increased levels of drought.

30. UNDP-GEF Adaptation Projects – key issues39
UNDP-GEF Adaptation Projects – key issues
The problem must be clearly due to climate change
Impacts must be due to climate change, Climate data must be best available
The timescale of climate analysis must be clear
Must differentiate between short and long term and match funds: long term - SCCF/SPA, short term – LDCF
Must link to National Priorities, Action Plans, Programmes
Proposal must be based on rigorous pipelining approach
Learning component (contribution to ALM) must be clear
Co-financing must be explained to satisfy fund requirements
Must clearly outline Goal, Objective, and Outcomes
Monitoring of outcomes must be explicit
Use of APF should be systematic in project design

31. Climate Change Adaptation UNDP-GEF www.undp.org/gef/adaptation
Further Information
Thank you!
Contact:
Bo Lim
Climate Change Adaptation
UNDP-GEF